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Język Polski
|
2023
|
vol. 103
|
issue 3
114-125
PL
Przedmiotem oglądu w artykule jest historia leksemu hazard, wyznaczającego centrum pola semantycznego obejmującego nazwy czynności gry, osób grających, typów gier, miejsca gier. W toku badań słownikowych, uzupełnionych analizą z użyciem narzędzi lingwistyki korpusowej, ustalono siatkę leksykalną skupioną aż do XVII wieku wokół słów: igracz, kostarz, kostyra i szuler, nazywających osoby ryzykownie i/lub oszukańczo grające w kości lub karty, w historycznym rozwoju poszerzoną o hazard w prymarnym znaczeniu ‘przypadek, los’ i oparte na nim leksemy hazardzista, hazardowny, hazardować (się), a wreszcie ustabilizowaną w końcu XX wieku wokół sensu ‘gra na pieniądze’. Dopełnieniem rozważań z zakresu historii słownictwa jest analiza kontekstowa hazardu, ujawniająca jego niezmienne w czasie otoczenie semantyczne i społeczne postrzeganie.
EN
Subject to investigations in this article is the historical development of the Polish lexeme hazard, which marks the centre of the semantic field that covers onomastic expressions for names of gambling activities, people engaged in gambling, types of games, and venues where gambling was arranged. Dictionary research supplemented with corpus linguistic study allowed drawing a lexical map that up until the 17th century gravitated around the lexemes igracz, kostarz, kostyra and szuler, all of which were names of players taking risks and cheating in dice or cards. Through historical development this initial network was expanded to cover the word hazard in its primary meaning of ‘incident, fate’, accompanied with related forms such as hazardzista, hazardowny, hazardować (się). Finally, in the late 20th century, the notion of ‘gambling for money’ was institutionalised as another semantic variant. The lexicographic explorations in the article are completed with the context analysis of the phenomenon of gambling, disclosing its temporally unchangeable semantic context and social perception.
EN
Subject to analysis in this article is the genre status of Ignacy Pietraszewski’s works commenting upon Collectanea by Józef Sękowski. The former work by Pietraszewski is a press edition of Sprostowania niektórych tłumaczeń z tureckiego [Corrections of Some Translations from Turkish] (1845), while the latter is an expanded, book edition of Corrections…, entitled Nowy przekład dziejopisów tureckich [A New Translation of Turkish History Writers] (1846). A research question asked in the article is to what extent Pietraszewski’s comments on Sękowski oeuvre is a case of translation or a case of translation criticism. Drawing upon the stylistic features of both works by Pietraszewski, their evaluative and judgmental lexis and their dialogical nature, the author decided that these works are critical reviews of Sękowski’s Collectanea. The reviews display an ostesibly marked polemical aspect. They contain evaluation of the target text and they mark a breach of the text-type canon by incorporating a didactic component.
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