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Relationship between foreign direct investment stock and foreign portfolio investment stock. Do they really matter for GDP in Poland, Germany, and Great Britain?

100%
Kania-Morales J., Mróz R.
Ekonomia. Rynek, Gospodarka, Społeczeństwo
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2014
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issue 38
97-126
EN
In this paper we discuss and investigate mutual relationship between FDI and FPI stocks in 3 countries. The standard theoretical economic paradigm sharply differentiates between the two, treating them rather as substitutes from foreign investor’s perspective. Yet, some recent empirical attempts reveal that there are important similarities in their determinants and thus suggest their complementarity. Furthermore, we contribute by assessing FDI & FPI stocks’ impact on real GDPs. In this paper we present estimates of vector error correction (VEC) models’ parameters for three countries, in various settings. We find a number of interesting points – in case of Poland there seem to exist some significant long-run dependences between real GDP and stocks of FDI and FPI, which to some extent stands in opposition to inferences derived from analogical models constructed for two well-developed countries, the United Kingdom and Germany.
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Badania autentyczności numerów identyfikacyjnych

81%
Jędrych E., Mróz R., Biskup K.
Problemy Kryminalistyki
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2022
|
issue 316
EN
This article provides basic definitions of terms, such as „VIN number” and „nameplate”. Also described are methods of vehicle identification, methods of revealing non-factory tampering with identification markings. The examples show how to rework identification markings and replace a body part with a VIN number with another body part with a different VIN number in order to legalise vehicles derived from criminal acts.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia podstawowe definicje takich pojęć jak numer VIN i tabliczka znamionowa. Opisane zostały również metody identyfikacji pojazdów oraz metody ujawniania ingerencji pozafabrycznej w oznaczenia identyfikacyjne. Na przykładach przedstawiono również sposoby przerabiania oznaczeń identyfikacyjnych i wymiany fragmentu karoserii z numerem VIN na inny fragment karoserii z innym numerem VIN celem zalegalizowania pojazdów pochodzących z czynów zabronionych.
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