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This article raises the subject of urbanization and its influence on human life. It describes relations between human development and the evolution of urban societies and presents the definition of a town together with a brief analysis of its origins. The author also defines the concept of urbanization and describes the reasons of this ongoing process. Subsequently, he proceeds to analyse basic planes of urbanization. Besides, the article deals with issues concerning industrial societies and the process of forming mass societies. It also presents some characteristics of an urban society together with negative and positive consequences of urbanization. The analysis is focused on the consequences of urbanization which particularly influence a society. This article provokes afterthoughts concerning the process of urbanization and its future consequences.
EN
The author of the article presents the realities of cross-border cooperation, which takes place on Polish borderlands. He defines the term of borderland from the angle of cross-border cooperation and discusses the most important tasks which are related to the process. He focuses on the barriers, which limit the efficiency of Polish cross-border cooperation with adjacent countries. The subject of his utmost consideration is the eastern borderland, because it concentrates institutional, infrastructural and social problems, which limit the cooperation of Poland with Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania and Russia. The author notices that countries cooperating with Poland are also to blame for inefficient cross-border cooperation on Polish eastern borderland. The main reason of such a situation is a considerable infrastructural and organizational retardation of these countries. Presented barriers let us notice that cooperating countries have to face a challenge of laborious work of multidimensional dimension. The author also emphasizes the necessity of mental change among the people living on borderland as a method of breaking barriers concerning cross-border cooperation.
EN
The author of the article deliberates on the problems connected with the importance of free time in the life of humans. Firstly, he presents various definitions of free time. These definitions let us observe that any free time should be exploited in an effective and wise way. Therefore, it should not be „empty”, giving a man no gains. Such a state of affairs is connected with the fact that free time fulfills a number of important functions in the life of humans. A man devoid of free time develops a negative attitude to life, which also influences other spheres of human existence. Therefore, free time should provide a place for its three primary functions: relaxation, tourism and sport. The author analyzes those aforementioned functions and presents how their influence on man’s spiritual development. Furthermore, he outlines the essence of free time in connection with the Bible and the resolutions of Polishsynods. From the presented facts, one might conclude that free time could be sacrificed to relaxation, during which a man stays close to nature and develops relations with other people.
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EN
This article raises the subject of urbanization and its influence on human life. It describes relations between human development and the evolution of urban societies and presents the definition of a town together with a brief analysis of its origins. The author also defines the concept of urbanization and describes the reasons of this ongoing process. Subsequently, he proceeds to analyse basic planes of urbanization. Besides, the article deals with issues concerning industrial societies and the process of forming mass societies. It also presents some characteristics of an urban society together with negative and positive consequences of urbanization. The analysis is focused on the consequences of urbanization which particularly influence a society. This article provokes afterthoughts concerning the process of urbanization and its future consequences.
EN
The author of the article deliberates on the problems connected with the importance of free time in the life of humans. Firstly, he presents various definitions of free time. These definitions let us observe that any free time should be exploited in an effective and wise way. Therefore, it should not be „empty”, giving a man no gains. Such a state of affairs is connected with the fact that free time fulfills a number of important functions in the life of humans. A man devoid of free time develops a negative attitude to life, which also influences other spheres of human existence. Therefore, free time should provide a place for its three primary functions: relaxation, tourism and sport. The author analyzes those aforementioned functions and presents how their influence on man’s spiritual development. Furthermore, he outlines the essence of free time in connection with the Bible and the resolutions of Polishsynods. From the presented facts, one might conclude that free time could be sacrificed to relaxation, during which a man stays close to nature and develops relations with other people.
EN
The author of the article presents the realities of cross-border cooperation, which takes place on Polish borderlands. He defines the term of borderland from the angle of cross-border cooperation and discusses the most important tasks which are related to the process. He focuses on the barriers, which limit the efficiency of Polish cross-border cooperation with adjacent countries. The subject of his utmost consideration is the eastern borderland, because it concentrates institutional, infrastructural and social problems, which limit the cooperation of Poland with Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania and Russia. The author notices that countries cooperating with Poland are also to blame for inefficient cross-border cooperation on Polish eastern borderland. The main reason of such a situation is a considerable infrastructural and organizational retardation of these countries. Presented barriers let us notice that cooperating countries have to face a challenge of laborious work of multidimensional dimension. The author also emphasizes the necessity of mental change among the people living on borderland as a method of breaking barriers concerning cross-border cooperation.
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