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EN
The article aims at characterizing the asymmetry phenomenon on the example of operations conducted in Afghanistan after 2001, focusing particularly on the battle of Takur Ghar within Operation Anaconda. This region was chosen on purpose as the characteristic mountainous form of the terrain favours the irregular opponents’ employment of simple armament such as mortars or RPGs 7 in combat against well trained and regular troops prepared in quantity and quality. Even at a first glance, the disproportion characteristic of asymmetry is clearly evident. Despite the fact that similar military engagement (Russian intervention) had taken place in that area, it is difficult to state that the combat between regular forces and irregular groups was fully effective.
ES
El artículo presenta la figura de la investigadora y traductora de origen polaco establecida en México, Maria Sten (1917-2007). Considera su aporte como investigadora de la UNAM, especialista en literatura mesoamericana y en teatro prehispánico y novohispano. Por otro lado, destaca su esfuerzo de popularizar la imagen de México y de su cultura en Polonia, traduciendo y editando en polaco obras literarias y publicaciones científicas de autores mexicanos (Rosario Castellanos, Carlos Fuentes, Augusto Monterroso, Miguel León-Portilla). A su vez Sten traduce y divulga en México a autores polacos y sus obras teatrales (Stanisław Witkiewicz, Sławomir Mrożek). Su contribución al acercamiento literario entre Polonia y México se sitúa en el contexto del diálogo intercultural polaco-mexicano del siglo XX. Tras ponderar sus publicaciones, tanto en México como en Polonia, se concluye su contribución a la visión del México prehispánico y el carácter pionero de sus textos editados en Polonia en los años 60. Su trabajo preparó el terreno para el boom latinoamericano en nuestro país.
EN
Nowadays, thanks to information published on TV, the Internet, radio or in the press, there is broad understanding of the phenomenon of disinformation as a tool for image creation. Since 2001, after the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, one can see that the media have been a serious threat in the hands of terrorists. Reactions from public opinion have shown to terrorist organizations how important the role of the media is and how they can be used in their own propaganda (disinformation) activities. The media activity of the Islamic State is richer and more advanced in comparison with that provided by Al-Qaeda.
EN
The state is, by definition, an organization with a specific internal and external structure, which indicates a thematic area of activity for individual “contractors." In this way, the scope of responsibility for definite institutions is outlined, ensuring the efficient functioning of the state. The structure of the Islamic State in relation to its terrorist activity, usually depending on tasks, is basically based on institutions, individuals, and the structure of cells, drawing their inspiration from the slogans and doctrines of radical Islam. The elimination of an individual element of the structure does not lead to its total annihilation.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu scharakteryzowanie rozwoju współpracy wojskowej w stosunku do NATO na przykładzie udziału Wojska Polskiego (WP) oraz Bundeswehry w działaniach militarnych prowadzonych w Afganistanie od 2001r. Kolejno zostały opisane: droga Polski do Sojuszu oraz rola WP na podstawie udziału w misji afgańskiej. Następnie przedstawiona została sytuacja Niemiec w kontekście NATO – od państwa rozbitego (NRD i RFN) aż po zjednoczenie i udział w kluczowej dla Bundeswehry misji w Afganistanie. W ramach zakończenia zostały opisane różnice, jakie występowały pomiędzy państwem polskim i niemieckim na drodze do realizacji celu, jakim było członkostwo w Sojuszu Północnoatlantyckim.
EN
The aim of this article is to characterise the development of military cooperation within NATO on the example of the Polish Armed Forces’ (PAF) and Bundeswehre’s engagement in military operations conducted in Afghanistan since 2001. Firstly, the Polish way to NATO and PAF’s role basing on the engagement in the Afghanistan mission are described. Then Germany’s situation is presented in the NATO context – from a country divided into the German Democratic Republic and the German Federal Republic to their unification and Bundeswehre’s engagement in Afghanistan mission, so vital for the German Armed Forces. The article ends with the description of differences between the Polish and German states on their way to achieve the goal i.e. NATO membership.
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