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  1. 3 Zbliżenia Cywilizacyjne

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  1. 3 Skotnicki W. J.

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  1. 1 2010

  2. 1 2009

  3. 1 2007

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Solnictwo - jego rola w przeobrażeniu gospodarczym Niecki Ciechocińskiej na przełomie XVIII i XIX wieku

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Skotnicki W. J.
Zbliżenia Cywilizacyjne
|
2009
|
vol. 5
221-240
2

Wizja powojennego łądu w Europie na przykłądzie Hodży

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Skotnicki W. J.
Zbliżenia Cywilizacyjne
|
2010
|
vol. 6
143-159
3
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Wizje nowej Europy w ujęciu federalistycznym w II połowie XIX i w I połowie XX wieku

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Skotnicki W. J.
Zbliżenia Cywilizacyjne
|
2007
|
vol. 3
155-170
EN
An aim of the present article is the exhibition of differences in the apprehension of the idea of European integration, domineered by three trends: the federalism, co federalism and the functionalism. This last lodged the creation of the union-state after the example United States of North America, Federal Republic of Germany and Switzerland’s. Etymologically the notion „the federation” descends from Latin, wherein „foedus” marks „the relationship” or „the alliance”. She bears upon states into which the depot is entered by countries union-, keeping the sovereignty. There is obligatory here the rule of the conjecture of the competence in the interest of federal countries and the constitutional qualification of the competence of federal organs. In every from states exists the separate legal system, working basing on the own constitution, and recognizant the superiority of the right of federal countries in spheres reserved to their competence. The federation possesses the common legal system, leaning on the federal constitution and the system of federal organs legislative, executive and judiciary, realizing being vested them competences in the scale of the all state does not exclude this doubling itself the competence eg. within the range defenses, finance, the foreign policy and the internal safety. Obligatory in such chances the rule conflictual admits the superiority to the federal law. A. Spinelli noticed that the federalism and federalists had not managed to exert the post prior influence on the course of the integration of Westerly Europe. They aimed to the construction of political institutions of democratic Europe, taking to national executive powers, to Parliaments and judicial powers of the law of the initiative, the debate, decisions and the realization, charging it to the executive power, to of Parliament and the European judicature. These institutions would take out their own authorizations from the acceptance, expressed directly by European citizens, and in matters adherent to federal competences would perform their own authority over citizens of Europe without the agency of member states. Consequently prevailed the idea of the functional method.
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