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Odpowiedzialność za wprowadzanie konsumentów w błąd przez sugerowanie szczególnych właściwości żywności

100%
Trempała M.
Przegląd Prawa Rolnego
|
2013
|
issue 2 (13)
107-125
EN
There is no efficient measure available in Polish food law which would prevent consumers from being misled by information suggesting that a certain product has specific properties (while all other products of that kind also have them). The present situation when heavy penalties for distorting the picture of a product (to the result similar to that of fraudulent misrepresentation) may be avoided, even seems to encourage such manipulation practices. The only penalty that may be administered is a fine for marketing a product of commercial quality which does not match the description. This sanction, however, is insufficiently severe to act as a deterrent. Therefore it is postulated that the current regulations should be modified to account for situations in which customers are misled by true information but presented unfairly.
IT
Nel caso di indurre i consumatori in errore suggerendo particolari proprietà del prodotto, benché le possiedano tutti i prodotti simili, il sistema polacco del diritto alimentare non consente un’azione efficace contro questa pratica. L’attuale situazione favorisce addirittura questa forma di manipolazione del comportamento del consumatore. Essa permette di evitare una pesante punizione, nonostante avvenga la distorsione dell’immagine del prodotto nella misura uguale al riferimento delle informazioni false su di esso. L’unica sanzione – una punizione pecuniaria per aver immesso in circolazione gli alimenti dalla qualità commerciale non conforme all’etichettatura, non è sufficientemente motivante. Risultano necessari gli emendamenti alle regole, tenenti conto delle situazioni in cui l’errore è indotto dall’informazione vera, ma fornita in modo non accurato.
2
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Sprzedaż komunalnych lokali mieszkalnych w trybie bezprzetargowym - systemowe błędy w działaniu gmin

100%
Trempała M.
Kontrola Państwowa
|
2023
|
vol. 68
|
issue 3 (410)
55-69
EN
One of constitutional responsibilities of pubic authorities is to follow a policy that meets the accommodation needs of the citizens, and one of its objectives – to support them in efforts to acquire their own flats. This should refer to both the actual and legal aspects of the State’s activity. Therefore the State and self-government authorities are tasked with developing estate resources and legal regulations allowing for purchasing them. Flats from municipal resources may be acquired without tender. The priority is given to current tenants if they have indefinite contracts. In addition they can apply for a price reduction even up to 99 percent of its the value. Such a provision, whose nature is clearly preferential, is undoubtedly contrary to the market economy, however it is socially justified. The audit of sales of municipal flats without tender was important both from the perspective of municipalities’ financial management and the tenants. Despite various forms of support for housing, their results are incapable of satisfying the needs. On the other hand, despite many years of experience that municipalities have with regard to privatisation of their assets, significant irregularities still occur. These were indicated in previous NIK’s audits conducted in 2010/2011, in 2014 and in 2020. The latest audit was aimed at examining whether municipalities properly sold flats taking advantage of the non-tender procedure and offering price reductions, as well as to check if they effectively demanded returns of reductions if legally required. The audit comprised the following areas: preparations and sales of flats, monitoring of secondary trading, and potential measures related to the recovery of reductions.
PL
Prywatyzacja lokali z zasobów gmin to jeden ze sposobów zaspokajania potrzeb mieszkaniowych obywateli. Jednak mimo wieloletnich doświadczeń samorządów proces ten wciąż nie przebiega prawidłowo. Najwyższa Izba Kontroli po raz kolejny przyjrzała się praktykom w 20 wybranych miastach. Nieprawidłowości stwierdzono aż w 19 z nich. Miały one charakter powszechny i systemowy, wynikały przede wszystkim z nieodpowiedniej organizacji pracy oraz błędnej interpretacji obowiązujących przepisów. Wyniki kontroli w dużej mierze stanowiły powtórzenie ustaleń z lat poprzednich – sformułowane wówczas wnioski NIK nie zostały wykonane.
3
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Odpowiedzialność za zaciągnięcie zobowiązania - przekroczenie upoważnienia

63%
Sobecki T., Trempała M.
Kontrola Państwowa
|
2023
|
vol. 68
|
issue 5 (412)
60-72
EN
Appropriate processes related to incurring liabilities are extremely important from the perspective of financial management rules. In the public finance sector, liabilities concerning public funds can be incurred only on the basis of an authorisation based on the legal regulations or legal events. Its scope has to be considered, among others, in subject matter terms, which – according to the regulations – sets the limit for expenditure planned in budgets or financial plans. Exceeding of this scope is illegal and is assessed, among others, from the perspective of the public finance discipline. A related breach calls for, every time, reference to the regulations that govern the financial management of a given unit. Regulations in the area are ambiguous, and there are disputes in the doctrine as for their interpretation. The authors of the article aim at characterising the reasoning behind this responsibility and at answering the question about its acceptability and limits, at the same time confronting the stances of commissions that make judgements as for public finance discipline breaches.
PL
W sektorze finansów publicznych zobowiązanie angażujące środki publiczne można zaciągnąć tylko na podstawie upoważnienia wynikającego z przepisów prawa lub zdarzeń prawnych. Jego zakres należy rozpatrywać m.in. w ujęciu przedmiotowym, który wyznacza wysokość wydatków zaplanowanych w budżetach lub planach finansowych. Przekroczenie tego zakresu jest działaniem bezprawnym i podlega ocenie m.in. z punktu widzenia zasad dyscypliny finansów publicznych. Stwierdzenie naruszenia wymaga jednak każdorazowego odniesienia się do przepisów, w ramach których powinna być prowadzona gospodarka finansowa określonej jednostki. Regulacje w tym obszarze pozostają niejednoznaczne, a w doktrynie pojawiają się spory dotyczące wykładni. Autorzy scharakteryzowali przesłanki tej odpowiedzialności i odpowiedzieli na pytanie o jej dopuszczalność i granice, konfrontując przy tym stanowiska komisji orzekających w sprawach o naruszenie dyscypliny finansów publicznych.
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