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Funkcje i znaczenie Kreditanstalt fur Wiederaufbau jako instytucji wspierającej sektor małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw w Niemczech

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Michalska J., Uniwersytet Łódzki K. F. i. B.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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2003
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vol. 163
EN
Extreme importance of the small and medium-sized enterprises for the functioning of the economy is unquestionable. However, this sector often does not have enough prospects for development, especially in the countries transforming their economy. The solution to this problem could be creation of so called “supporting banks” , of which the example is Kreditanstalt fur Wiederaufbau, functioning in Germany for the last 50 years. This institution is inseparably connected with the concept of social and economic order in Germany after the II World War, called “social market economy”. Kreditanstalt fur Wiederaufbau, established to help rebuild Germany after the war, in time received a status of a bank supporting the sector of small and medium-sized enterprises. Up to date this support is the main aspect of the bank’s activity. The enterprises belonging to this sector are being supported financially by access to low interest credits and venture capital investments.
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Rola Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau we wspieraniu finansowania małej i średniej przedsiębiorczości w Niemczech

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Michalska J., Uniwersytet Łódzki K. F. i. B.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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2002
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vol. 161
EN
Innovationness is a factor conditioning survival and development of enterprises in market economy. Small and medium sized enterprises are usualy more open to initiating innovations, thanks to ability to quickly react to market changes. Udertaking such innovations requires large capital. The major obstacle to making innovations is the need to have a sufficent self capital and unwillingness of commercial banks to give credit to this group of enterprises. A way of solving the problems mentioned above is for the government to provide protection for such enterprises, of which Germany can be an example. Thanks to wide range of credit offers, Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau successfuly supports the small and medium sized enterprise sector in Germany.
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Efficiency of the R&D-funding System in Germany and Poland (Part I) - The Role of Higher Education and Non-academic Institutions

45%
Bischoff I., Michalska J., Ścianowski T., Welteke J., Witczak R., University of Giessen G., University of Łódź P.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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2005
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vol. 185
PL
Przedstawiono teoretyczne podstawy systemu finansowania działalności badawczorozwojowej. Skoncentrowano się na zagadnieniach efektywności systemu i czynnikach ją warunkujących. Na tym tle zaprezentowano podobieństwa i różnice występujące w systemach niemieckim i polskim. Wykazano znaczenie akademickich i pozaakademickich instytucji naukowych dla ukształtowania systemów finansowania badań naukowych i rozwoju w obu krajach. Wskazano możliwe rozwiązania, służące poprawie efektywności prowadzenia działalności badawczo-rozwojowej w Polsce.
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