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Frazeologie a idiomatika: Jejich podstata a proměnlivost názorů na ně

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Čermák F.
Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)
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2016
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vol. 98
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issue 2
199-217
EN
The paper addresses most of the current problems in phraseology. General observations on the universal character of idioms and the major aspects of the topic are followed by critical analysis of a prototypical statement about the essential nature of idioms. Much of the analysis centres around the notions of analogy and anomaly. The paper considers the form of the idiom, its analysability, modifiability and metaphoric character, and then challenges the current views on these. Next, the discussion of the idiom and its meaning returns to metaphor and hypothetical decomposition and briefly summarises some of the semantic features of idioms. It suggests that the function of idioms, and the issues of their form and meaning, are best revealed through the character and type of their textual anomalies. The author then presents his views on idioms and their study, referring to analogy and anomaly, regular and irregular language and especially language combinatorics. His approach was tested on data collected for a comprehensive four-volume dictionary of Czech idioms. The paper describes types of combinations and the crucial notions of collocational and virtual paradigms. It offers and exemplifies definitions of idioms and a test for the identification of idioms in text, and a desideratum for further testing of the proposed theory.
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Kolokace a kolokabilita synsémantik: substituty a interjekce

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Čermák F.
Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)
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2015
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vol. 97
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issue 1
51-57
EN
While most attention is generally paid to lexical (autosemantic) words, the goal of this paper is to map grammatical (or synsemantic) words which have been largely neglected. The specific aim is to look into combinations of all types of grammatical words whose common feature, though they are widely different in most other respects, is their auxiliary role with regard to lexical words. This auxiliary role is to be viewed as having two functional interpretations: grammatical words may be seen either as linkers (serving as links between lexical words) or as substitutes or pro-forms (replacing lexical words in text to avoid their repetition in general). Since until now most authors have paid attention to various word classes in this area (see Bibliography), this paper focuses on the possibilities of their roles as substitutes and the limitations of their combinations with one another, a subject hardly ever mentioned, let alone researched. The investigation, involving pronouns and numerals, is based on a large corpus of Czech (SYN2010). Because of their special character and function, interjections are loosely added to the bulk of the grammatical words. It is shown that, contrary to simplified expectations, most grammatical words have a life of their own, i.e. they combine with each other and form collocations independently of lexical words.
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Vilém Mathesius a Anton Marty: Problém souměřitelnosti a vlivu

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Čermák F.
Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)
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2017
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vol. 99
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issue 1
89-100
EN
The paper is an attempt, both factographic and methodological, to compare the uncomparable: a Swiss philosopher and a Czech linguist, and thereby even two disciplines. Although both of them lived in Prague, the Swiss Anton Marty and the Czech Vilém Mathesius, with an age difference of 35 years between them, their paths do not seem to have crossed very much, if at all. Reports about their contacts on Marty’s part are non-existent, and there is only one mention made by Mathesius, which suggests that they had only a passing knowledge of one another. Marty was a philosopher, later placed among phenomenologists, with a strong psychologizing bent, who also concerned himself with linguistic topics and whose sources of inspiration were clearly philosophy and psychology. In contrast, Mathesius draws primarily on the work of contemporary European linguists. The paper briefly reviews the relevant parts of their work, especially with the aim of confirming or refuting the claim (made by Leška) that Mathesius was to some extent indebted to and influenced by Marty. The search has revealed very little by way of influence, i.e. little sense of the two having something in common or shared.
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