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FROM THE HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE OF MANOR HOUSES IN ENGLAND (FROM THE MID-14th TO THE EARLY 17th CENTURY)

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Brykowska M.

Rocznik Historii Sztuki

2005

vol. 30

109-120

This article recapitulates the results of studies with respect to the architecture of manor houses in England, conducted thanks to the scholarship of the De Brzezie Lanckoronski Foundation, on the basis of literature on the subject and of own research. The subject refers both to the research methodology and published works of Prof. Adam Milobedzki. Considering the broad subject matter of manor houses and a considerable number of preserved manors, the present text focuses on the medieval period and the changes of manor house under the influence of Italian theory. The area under discussion was limited to several selected problems, such as: program and layout of a manor complex, functional-spatial design of the oldest manor houses (Ightham Mote, Kent; and Penshurst Place, Kent), the problem of Great Hall (its function and changes, with a detailed depiction of so characteristic for English Great Halls: trussed-rafter roof with rudimentary principal, roof with framed principals with king-post (as for instance at Penshurst), hammer-beam roof and others, and extensions and transformations of manor houses, both of interior and exterior, in the Tudor period, in the Elizabethan style, and in the early 17th century. There is a separate analysis of the manors of wooden structural framework (half-timber work), known from the 12th century (jetty, and from ca. 1500 - box frame), but lavishly used in the Elizabethan period (Bramal Hall, Great Manchester; and Little Moreton Hall, Staffordshire), in a new graphic design, as a black-and-white. The final part of the text provides suggestions for the direction of further study of manor houses with reference to Italian theory and other modern sources, gradually adopted in England, initially superficially, as in the Tudor period, then on the basis of the first published work by John Shute (1563). Of special importance for the further transformations of the program and functional and spatial structure and architecture of manor houses was a book by Sir Henry Wotton entitled The Elements of Architecture (1624) addressed to the educated noblemen, similarly to 'Krótka nauka budownicza' (A brief study of the construction of manor houses, palaces, castles according in Polish climatic conditions and customs) (1659) in Poland; the correlation between these facts (as Joseph Rykwert noticed) was first seen by Adam Milobedzki in 1994. An integral part of the text is made by the plans prepared by the authoress.

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1 Brykowska M.

1 2005

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FROM THE HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE OF MANOR HOUSES IN ENGLAND (FROM THE MID-14th TO THE EARLY 17th CENTURY)