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1

The Genocide of Chechens in the Context of Russian-Chechen Conflict – a Historical Outline

100%

Nadskakuła O.

The Person and the Challenges. The Journal of Theology, Education, Canon Law and Social Studies Inspired by Pope John Paul II

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2013

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vol. 3

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issue 2

PL

The purpose of this article is to present the genesis of the Chechen-Russian conflict, including the genocide of Chechens. The analysis explains how the aggressive actions of the Russian authorities were supposed to deal with “the strongest and most dangerous nation” of the Caucasus, in order to subjugate this region. Russian behaviour proves that their priority over the centuries was not an assimilation of Chechens and the peaceful solution of the conflict, but rather an “imperial” dimension of the strife, or to be exact, the ultimate conquest of the Caucasus, even if it would mean the extermination of the Chechen nation.

2

Natura uprzedzeń religijnych

100%

Nadskakuła O.

Przegląd Rusycystyczny

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2009

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issue 1

PL

ПРИРОДА РEЛИГИОЗНЫХ ПРЕДРАССУДКОВ Резюме Проблема предупреждений очень важна сегодния для понимания междунардных отношений. Следует обратить внимание на то, что термины стереотип и предупреждение очень часто употребляются как синонимы. В то время, как заметила Ида Курч, стереотипом пользуемся в мышлении, зато предупреждением - в действии. В современных меж-дународных отношениях причиной возникновения предупреждений часто являются религиозные различия, которые используется политически.С IX века начался распад единой христианской церкви на восточную (православную) и западнюю (католическую). Разделение церквей повлекло за собой возникновение враждебных отношений между ними, но тоже между народами. Этот конфликт оказал существенное влияние на российско-польские взаимоотношения. Религия начала играть роль механизма отделяющего Своих от Чужих. В одной цивилизаци Пакс Христиана складываются два типа культур, традиций. Поэтому установление нормальных отношений между католиками и православными является очень затруднительным. THE NATURE OF RELIGIOUS PREJUDICES Summary The changes, which occurred in Central and Eastern Europe after 1989, revealed domestic problems in each country and contributed to an outburst of antagonisms between neighbouring countries. Such countries are particularly exposed to various confl icts, what in consequence strengthens prejudice and mutual aversion.Firstly, the terminology needs to be specifi ed: there is a fundamental difference between a stereotype and a prejudice. According to Ida Kucz, stereotypes are characterised by ra-tionality, intellectual elegance, and veiled hostility whereas a superstition is classifi ed as socially more dangerous and may easily switch to an act of and overt hostility and hatred.

3

Zachód jako punkt odniesienia rosyjskiej polityki zagranicznej

100%

Nadskakuła O.

Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne

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2005

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issue 1

103-114

EN

The West has been one of the most significant reference criteria for the Russian political, historical or ideological thought. The reason for this is that Russian identity has been shaped mainly by virtue of comparison to the West. Therefore, Russian self-reflection is always assessed by means of Russian relation to the West. This relation has assumed various dimensions in different times, yet it has always ranged from utter admiration for the Western civilization to extreme disapproval of its achievements. At present Russia no longer develops her relations with theWest on the fragile foundations of ideology that has been substituted by the factors of national interest or higher necessity. Therefore it seems that when asked „Where are you heading, Russia?” she is going to keep answering „Westwards” for a long time to come.

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1 Przegląd Rusycystyczny

1 The Person and the Challenges. The Journal of Theology, Education, Canon Law and Social Studies Inspired by Pope John Paul II

1 Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne

3 Nadskakuła O.

1 2013

1 2009

1 2005

The Genocide of Chechens in the Context of Russian-Chechen Conflict – a Historical Outline

Natura uprzedzeń religijnych

Zachód jako punkt odniesienia rosyjskiej polityki zagranicznej