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Ograniczenia praw podmiotów ze względu na przetwarzanie danych osobowych dotyczących przekonań religijnych i przynależności wyznaniowej

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Sobczyk P.
Studia z Prawa Wyznaniowego
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2010
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vol. 13
143-159
PL
Prawo do ochrony danych osobowych jest zaliczane we współczesnych demokratycznych państwach prawa do podstawowych gwarancji statusu jednostki. Z art. 51 Konstytucji Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 2 kwietnia 1997 roku wynika, iż na prawo to składają się podstawowe prawa podmiotów danych osobowych: wolność jednostki od ujawnienia informacji dotyczących jej osoby (art. 51 ust. 1), prawo dostępu każdego mieszkańca Polski do dotyczących go dokumentów urzędowych i zbiorów danych (art. 51 ust. 3), prawo żądania sprostowania oraz usunięcia informacji nieprawdziwych, niepełnych lub zebranych w sposób sprzeczny z ustawą (art. 51 ust. 4). Prawa podmiotów danych nie mają jednak charakteru bezwzględnego i na podstawie konstytucyjnie i ustawowo określonych przesłanek podlegają ograniczeniom. Do przesłanek ograniczających ochronę danych osobowych zalicza się m.in. przetwarzanie danych dotyczących przekonań religijnych i przynależności wyznaniowej, które są zaliczane na podstawie art. 27 ustawy z dnia 29 sierpnia 1997 roku o ochronie danych osobowych do tzw. danych szczególnie chronionych (wrażliwych). Ograniczenia praw podmiotów danych polegają na możliwości ich przetwarzania przez kościoły i inne związki wyznaniowe, uchyleniu obowiązku rejestracji zbiorów zawierających takie dane oraz znacznym ograniczeniu kompetencji kontrolnych i nadzorczych GIODO.
EN
The right of personal data protection is regarded to be one of the basic guarantees of the individual’s status in contemporary democratic societies. Art. 51. of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 2 April 1997 indicates that this right comprises the basic rights of personal data subjects: an individual’s freedom from disclosing information concerning his person (Art. 51 Sect. 1), the right granted to every Polish citizen of access to official documents and data collections concerning himself (Art. 51, Sect. 3), the right to demand the correction or deletion of untrue or incomplete information, or information acquired by means contrary to statute (Art 51, Sect. 4). The rights of data subjects are not unconditional and they are limited based on constitutional and statutory premises. The premises that restrict the protection of personal data include, among others, the processing of personal data revealing religious beliefs and denomination, which, under Art. 27 of the Act on the Protection of Personal Data of 29 August 1997, require special protection (being particularly sensitive). The rights of data subjects are limited by allowing churches and other religious unions to process the data, by lack of an obligation to register data collections including any such data, and by significant limitation of the controlling and supervisory competences of the Inspector General for Personal Data Protection (GIODO).
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Wolność religijna a nauczanie w szkole

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Sobczyk P.
Prawo Kanoniczne
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2008
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vol. 51
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issue 1-2
211-227
PL
In its individual and collective dimensions, religious freedom is a constitutional matter. It is one of the fundamental human rights, and defines the principles of the relationship between the state and churches and other religious organisations. Religious freedom remains closely connected with the concept of school education, the teaching of religion in kindergartens and public schools, the religious education of adults, religious practices of children and young people when on holidays, and religious schools. Among the specific issues are, above all, the legal status of religion teachers, the legal status o f religious school teachers and students, and the status of religion as a school subject. In his study, the author discusses the following issues: the concept and basis of religious freedom, the family, parents, and children as subjects o religious freedom, the state as a competence subject with regard to religious freedom, and the present problems and remarks de lege ferenda.
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Proceduralna niekonstytucyjność nowelizacji ustawy o stosunku Państwa do Kościoła Katolickiego w Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej

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Sobczyk P.
Studia Politologiczne
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2012
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vol. 23
235-248
EN
On the 16th of December 2010 the Act amending the Act on relations between the State and the Catholic Church was enacted in the Republic of Poland. On its basis (Article 2) legislators abolished Property Commission with the effect on the 1st of March 2011, while agreeing that it completed its work by the 28th of February 2011. The Act concerning amendments to the Act on the Relation of State to the Catholic Church was passed without an agreement between the Council of Ministers and the Conference of the Polish Episcopate. Meanwhile, in accordance to the ruling of the Constitutional Court, Article 25 of the Constitution results in the binding obligation of public authorities in searching for legislative solutions of a consensual character in the area of relations with churches and religious associations that are accepted by the recipients. It has been confirmed by the Legislative Council, which in its opinion stated that the Council of Ministers before the enactment of the Church Act, is obliged to use its best endeavors in pursuing to draw up an agreement with the appropriate authority of a church or religious organization on the proposed content of the normative. Therefore, legal uncertainties arise, which are the subject of this article, concerning the procedural legality of the Act amended on the 16th of December 2010 with Article 25.4 of the Polish Constitution.
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Wolność sumienia i religii w art. 53 Konstytucji Rzeczypospolitej z dnia 2 kwietnia 1997 r.

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Sobczyk P.
Prawo Kanoniczne
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2001
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vol. 44
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issue 3-4
207-223
PL
The 53rd article of the Constitution of the Republic of the Poland concerning the freedom of faith and religion, adopted of the 2nd of April 1997, is a result of a long lasting constitutional debate since 1989. Debate’s counterpatrs were: the President of the Polish Republic, the Constitutional Commission of the National Assembly, the Constitutional Commissions of the two chambers of Polish Parliament: the Sejm and the Senate, political Parties and citizens’ movements as well as individual persons. This broad engagement shows the importance of issues affecting freedoms and human rights of the citizens in the Republic of Poland. It underlines especially the idea of the constitutional legislator thet the freedom of faith and religion is a primary and indispensable right of a human beeing. More then that, as far as this freedom touches the crucial element of the human nature, it creates in every person a deep foundation for the existense of other freedoms.
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„Każdy przecinek w tym konkordacie jest zrobiony za moją osobistą zgodą” – kilka uwag na temat wpływu papieża Piusa XI na treść Konkordatu Polskiego z 1925 roku

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Sobczyk P.
Prawo Kanoniczne
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2010
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vol. 53
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issue 3-4
273-288
PL
During the pontificate of Pope Pius XI (1922-1939), a new type of relations emerged between Church and state. The Church, which was confirmed in a number of new international agreements signed in the interwar period, sought to separate itself from the state and to endorse its autonomy and independence. Furthermore, the Holy See wished to guarantee respect for the position of public law, which would be confirmed by international agreement reached between the Church and the particular country, traditionally known as the Concordat. Among Concordats signed by the Holy See during the pontificate of Pope Pius XI, there is the Polish Concordat of 1925, which became the model for many subsequent international agreements. On the content of the Concordat of 1925 many factors had influence: historical, political, legal, religious and social. Among them there is a personal involvement into it of Pope Pius XI, which is difficult to qualify from a scientific point of view. The Pope, who was once a nuncio in Poland and a friend of Marshal Jozef Pilsudski, undoubtedly influenced the content of an international agreement reached after lengthy negotiations between the Holy See and the Polish Republic in 1925. Brachium seculare, the state’s financial assistance, the influance of state authorities on the casting of church positions or article VIII, under which the priests celebrating the liturgy on the national holiday on May 3 had to pray „for the welfare of the Republic and its president”, are just something more than a signum temporis.
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Aksjologia Konstytucji RP w postulatach Episkopatu Polski

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Sobczyk P.
Seminare. Poszukiwania naukowe
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2008
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vol. 25
159-172
EN
The tenth anniversary of adopting the Constitution of the Republic of Poland on 2nd April 1997 became an opportunity to reflect on the system of the state, functioning of its institutions and the status of the individual. The subject literature hardy ever tackles the topic of values that the state constitutional system is based on. Furthermore, there are no studies devoted to The axiology of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland in postulates of the Polish Episcopate. The present study aims to present and analyze the postulates of the Polish Episcopate which concern the axiology of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. The postulates were voiced in the form of official standpoints, letters to the congregation and communiqués from plenary sessions of the Polish Episcopate Conference and meetings of the Stable Council.
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Kilka uwag o bezstronności władz publicznych na kanwie wniosku o usunięcie krzyża z sali posiedzeń Sejmu RP

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Sobczyk P.
Studia z Prawa Wyznaniowego
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2012
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vol. 15
137-155
EN
On 9 November 2011, a group of MPs requested, pursuant to Article 10(1)(13) of the Rules of Procedure of the Polish Sejm, that the Speaker “issues an order to remove the Latin cross overlooking the sessions chamber of the parliament from the wall.” The submitted justification indicated that the presence of the cross in the sessions chamber of the Sejm does not fall within the provision of Article 25(2) of the Constitution, which lays down the principle of impartiality of public authorities in matters of religious, personal or philosophical persuasion. The author poses a question of whether this view is tenable. In search for answers, the author addresses the following problems: public authorities as an entity of impartiality, impartiality as neutrality in the open sense and case-law concerning the exposure of the cross in the session rooms of local self-government bodies. The author concludes that both the doctrine and the existing case-law shows no contradiction between the constitutional principle of impartiality of public authorities and the exposure of the cross in public authority assembly rooms.
PL
Grupa Posłów na Sejm RP VII kadencji w dniu 9 listopada 2011 r. zwróciła się w trybie art. 10 ust. 1 pkt. 13 Regulaminu Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej do Marszałek Sejmu „o wydanie zarządzenia nakazującego usunięcie krzyża łacińskiego, który znajduje się w sali posiedzeń Sejmu RP”. Wnioskodawca wskazał w uzasadnieniu, iż obecność krzyża łacińskiego w sali posiedzeń Sejmu jest niezgodna przede wszystkim z art. 25 ust. 2 Konstytucji RP, w którym została sformułowana zasada bezstronności organów władzy publicznej w sprawach przekonań religijnych, światopoglądowych i filozoficznych. W artykule autor stawia pytanie: czy należy podzielić pogląd wnioskodawców? Szukając na nie odpowiedzi autor omawia następujące zagadnienia: organy władzy publicznej jako podmiot bezstronności, bezstronność jako neutralność w sensie otwartym oraz orzeczenia sądów powszechnych dotyczące ekspozycji krzyża w salach posiedzeń organów samorządu terytorialnego. Konkludując stwierdza, iż większość przedstawicieli doktryny oraz dotychczasowe orzecznictwo sądów powszechnych wskazuje na brak sprzeczności między konstytucyjną zasadą bezstronności organów władz publicznych a ekspozycją krzyża w salach obrad organów władzy publicznej.
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Wolność sumienia i religii w Konstytucji Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej - postulaty Kościoła katolickiego

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Sobczyk P.
Prawo Kanoniczne
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2008
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vol. 51
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issue 3-4
371-383
PL
The systemic transformation initiated by the Roundtable talks of 1989 made it necessary for Poland to amend its constitution, including the regulations concerning the freedom of conscience and religion. It was natural for churches and religious organisations, including the Catholic Church, to participate in the constitutional debate. The study, reflecting only the Catholic Church’s official positions, presents issues concerning the Catholic Church’s position on religious freedom in the individual dimension, that is, the freedom of conscience and religion. The Conference of the Polish Episcopate’s 1990-1997 positions on religious freedom in the individual dimensions contained some of the most important aspects of the teaching of the Second Vatican Council. These represented the basis of the Episcopate’s position in the several-year-long debate on the desired model of the state. The constitutional guarantees of religious freedom contained in the article 53 (freedom of conscience and religion) should be seen as a compromise between the principles of liberal ideology and the teachings of the Vaticanum II.
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Dobro wspólne jako cel współdziałania państwa z Kościołami i innymi związkami wyznaniowymi

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Sobczyk P.
Kościół i Prawo
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2015
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issue 4 (17) nr 1
169-184
PL
Treść artykułu 25 Konstytucji Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 2 kwietnia 1997 r. została wypracowana w drodze trwającej od 1989 r. debaty konstytucyjnej, w której – obok środowisk politycznych – uczestniczyły m.in. Kościoły i inne związki wyznaniowe. Szczególna rola w ukształtowaniu przepisów wyznaniowych przypadła Kościołowi Katolickiemu, w tym jego przedstawicielowi w Komisji Konstytucyjnej Zgromadzenia Narodowego – ks. prof. Józefowi Krukowskiemu.
EN
The content of Article 25 of the Constitution of Republic of Poland of 02 April, 1997 was formed as a part of the constitutional debate lasting since 1989. Debate’s members were not only political groups, but also Churches and other denominations. Both Catholic Church and the representative of Constitutional Committee of the National Assembly – Reverend Professor Józef Krukowski played a significant role in forming denominational provisions.
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