In this paper the author attempts to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of the democratic model of business management on the example of social cooperatives. It is based on own research conducted in this type of organization in the Lodz region. The analyzes identified a number of benefits of democratization of the company as particular commitment and competence development of employees of such organizations. The study also highlights the risk of conflict situations in social cooperatives, which in extreme cases can lead to the breakdown of the company.
The article analyses housing cooperatives in terms of their impact on the real estate market in Poland. The author reflects on why this type of social initiatives is of marginal importance for housing construction in Poland. For the development of this sector, development barriers need to be identified, which is the aim of the article. An attempt will also be made to determine whether the implemented European Union policy or new national programmes can become an impulse for the renewed development of cooperative construction in Poland.
In the first 20 years of the 21st century, the social housing policy in Poland underwent many changes. They resulted from the lack of consistency in this respect and low patience of the ruling parties, which led to profound modifications in the approach to the housing policy practically with every new government. Until the implementation of the National Housing Programme (NHP), the housing policy in Poland was characterised by fragmented solutions, without any comprehensive approach to the issue in question. The aim of the article is to verify the effectiveness of the NHP, especially in terms of its social part, i.e., Mieszkanie Plus [Apartment Plus] package. The programme was described using the framework of theoretical assumptions of the social housing policy and the implementation of this policy in Poland after the year 2000. The author claims that the NHP is the first housing policy in Poland which applies a holistic approach and moves away from the practice of short-term, fragmented solutions. He recommends that those who are in power should exercise patience and refrain from introducing alterations after a very short period from the point of view of investment processes, as the implementation of such a complex housing policy as the NHP is planned for many years.
This paper is devoted to the abbreviations in the field of industry and military registered in the Russian-German Dictionary by A.F. Nessler. The introductory part – b besides a characterization of the source of the linguistic material and a synthesis of research on post-revolutionary abbreviations – includes a historical outline of the migration of Germans to Russian territories and the state of industry and military in the interwar period. The analysis focuses on determining the number of acronyms in each group, their structure and models of lexicographic description. The conclusions of the study are compared with those resulting from the analysis of acronyms included in the Russian-Polish Dictionary published at the same time.
The article presents an analysis of lexicographic description and structure of abbreviations registered in the Russian-Polish Great Sports Dictionary by Zbigniew Fedus. The introductory part defines the purpose of the research and characterizes the source of language material. Each of the analytical parts was preceded by a theoretical outline of the issues discussed - the translation of acronyms and their construction. In the course of work, four models of lexicographic description and two basic structural types of abbreviations were distinguished; each part is illustrated by examples. The article ends with a summary, including statistic matters.
The authors have put into order and analysed fragmentary information, scattered over various sources, regarding changes in the anthroponymy of Russian Germans from the moment of their arrival in Russia until 1917. They found: 1) an impoverishment of the stock of anthroponyms due to the tradition of name transmission from generation to generation, as well as a lack of contact with the ethnic German language and isolation from the new environment; 2) the persistence of native traditions for the first century (the use of dialectal forms: dr Karl, die Jule, Was Anne; double names: Georg-Heinrich; a two-part naming formula: Peter Wiebe); 3) the spontaneous influence of Russian (the penetration of Russian anthroponyms, e.g. Alexander – Sascha; the use of a first name and patronymic: Karl Karlowitsch; the appearance of nickname-hybrids: S Monachs Van’ka; from the mid-nineteenth century the adoption by some Germans of the three-part naming formula); 4) Russification by administrative means (from the 1870s the inclusion of Germans in the three-part anthroponymic formula, the introduction of the Russian patronymic formants -вич, -овна /-евна, forcing the abandonment of the use of double first names, the replacement in documents of German names by Russian ones, e.g. Andrei instead of Heinrich).
PL
Autorzy uporządkowali rozproszone w różnych źródłach fragmentaryczne informacje o zmianach w antroponimii Niemców rosyjskich od momentu ich przybycia do Rosji do 1917 r. Dostrzegli: 1) ubożenie zasobu antroponimów ze względu na tradycję przekazywania imion z pokolenia na pokolenie oraz brak kontaktu z niemczyzną etniczną i izolację od nowego otoczenia; 2) utrzymywanie się przez pierwsze stulecie tradycji rodzimych (używanie form dialektalnych: dr Karl, die Jule, Was Anne, imion podwójnych: Georg-Heinrich, dwuczłonowej formuły nazewniczej: Peter Wiebe); 3) spontaniczny wpływ rosyjski (przenikanie antroponimów rosyjskich, np. Alexander – Sascha, używanie imienia i patronimikum: Karl Karlowitsch, pojawianie się przezwisk-hybryd: S Monachs Van’ka, od połowy XIX w. przejmowanie przez część Niemców trójczłonowej formuły nazewniczej); 4) rusyfikację na drodze administracyjnej (od lat 70. XIX wieku objęcie Niemców trójczłonową formułą antroponimiczną, wprowadzenie rosyjskich formantów patronimicznych -вич, -овна /-евна, wymuszenie rezygnacji z używania imion podwójnych, zastępowanie w dokumentach imion niemieckich rosyjskimi, np. Andriej zamiast Heinrich.
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