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Europejskie partie komunistyczne wobec przemian w Czechosłowacji w 1968 roku.

100%
Gajda R.
Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne
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2008
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vol. 7
123-137
PL
In the night betwee  the 20th and 21st of August, 1968 the armies of the Soviet Union, Poland, Hungary, the GDR and Bulgaria entered the territory of Czechoslovakia. In this way the "Prague spring", a period of citzen life freedom, was terminated. The intervention evoked a cleary negative reaction in the international worker's community, as it was perceived as an unjustified aggression. The explanations of the Soviet Union, that the action was a "brotherly help against counterrevolution", were not accepted as believable. The greater the spmpathy of the international community which was directed towards the Czechoslovakian reformative process, the more protests, bitter disappointment and opposition appeared in reaction to the news of the intervention. The greatest, most influential communist and labour parties of Europe condemned the aggression and supported the Czechoslovakian society and its constitutional authorities. This was the attitude of, among others, the Yugoslavian Communists association, the communist parties of Romania, Italy, France, Spain, Austria, Great Britain and Japan. Contrary to the disapproval expressed by the governments and parliments of the European countries as regards the intervention, the protests of the communist parties could not be neglected not labelled "imperialist manipulation". This especially concerned the protest of the greatest parties, the Italian and the French communist party, the latter up till then always faithful to Moscow. The crack thet appeared in the unity of the "international communist movement" was the  price the Soviet Union had to pay for keeping Czechoslovakia within the "bloc". Beside the Chinese-Soviet conflict, this was the most serious crisis in relations between the CPSU and the communist parties of Europe and the United States. Thus the erosion of the unity of the communists movement began. After a few years it to far-reaching transformations among the communist parties of Western Europe, which found their expression in the doctrine of "Euro-communism".
2
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Active sport participation and walking before and during COVID-19 pandemic in a large cohort of Polish adults: results of the National Test for Poles’ Health

33%
Szychowska A., Zimny-Zając A., Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk E., Grodzicki T., Zdrojewski T., Gajda R., Kwaśniewska M., Drygas W.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
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2024
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vol. 37
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issue 4
468-481
EN
Objectives The COVID-19 pandemic has led to significant changes in daily life, including changes in physical activity levels. This study aims to examine the impact of the pandemic on sport participation and walking among Polish adults. Material and Methods The data was collected using the National Test for Poles’ Health, a large-scale online survey. The survey was conducted before and 1 year after the pandemic onset in Poland (March 2020 and March 2021), with >300 000 participants in each year. Results The results revealed that the percentage of respondents engaging in at least 2 h/week of sport increased by 2.3% (from 24.6% to 26.9%) (p < 0.0001) and percentage of respondents not engaging in any sport decreased by 2.5% (from 48.0% to 45.5%) (p < 0.0001). These trends were observed across different age, sex, dwelling-place, education level, and employment groups. Percentage of respondents declaring they spend >2 h/day on walking also increased, from 5.6% to 6.6% (p < 0.0001). Furthermore, a positive association was found between sport participation and walking time (p < 0.0001). Conclusions The findings suggest a slight improvement in physical activity levels among Polish adults during the pandemic, which may be attributed to factors such as increased time available due to remote work and the prioritization of health during the crisis. Further research is needed to explore the long-term consequences of the pandemic on physical activity and public health.
3
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Longevity of Polish top-class athletes compared to other social elites and well-known people in the years 2001–2021

27%
Śmigielski W., Małek Ł., Kwaśniewska M., Gajda R., Pawlak-Sobczak K., Korczak K., Cicha-Mikołajczyk A., Piwońska A., Piwoński J., Śmigielski J., Drygas W.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
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2024
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vol. 37
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issue 3
335-350
EN
Objectives The aim of this work is to initiate or revive a scientific discussion on the impact of professional life on the parameters of human lifespan. Material and Methods Presented analysis is based on 8578 Polish elite or well-known person who died in 2001–2021. Results The results of the conducted analysis indicate that in the case of men the highest values of the median age at death were characteristic of freelancers (median [Me] ± quartile deviation [QD] 85.5±8.5 years), followed by scientists and academic teachers of the biological and medical specialty (Me±QD 84.0±7.5 years) and officers of power structures (Me±QD 83.5±8.5 years). Subsequently, the highest value of the median age at death was recorded for social activists (Me±QD 83.0±9.5 years), clergy (Me±QD 82.0±7.5 years) and scientists and academic teachers of specialties other than biological and medical (Me±QD 82.0±8.0 years). Significantly, at the very end of this list are athletes (Me±QD 77.0±9.0 years). Nevertheless, the results of the analysis confirm that professional athletes are characterized by higher median age at death compared to the general population. Analysis made only within athletes group demonstrated that the parameters of lifespan of athletes of endurance disciplines (Me±QD 78.0±8.0 years) are the most favorable compared to athletes of other disciplines, in particular in compare to team sports athletes (Me±QD 75.0±10.0 years) or combat sports athletes (Me±QD 75.0±7.1 years). Conclusions What is new and innovative in this paper is comparing the lifespan characteristics of athletes in comparison to widely represented group of other professions with higher socio-economic status. Unexpectedly, the lifespan of athletes occurred to be lower than for fast all other analyzed occupational groups, except mainly of entertainment musicians. Finally, the results presented in this paper emphasize the need to analyze the lifespan characteristics of athletes in a broader scope than only in relation to the general population.
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