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Claude Bernard’s use of the metaphor of the “living machine” in his writings may seem surprising, since the theorist of experimental medicine is usually known for his disciplined stylistic and scientific rigor. An examination of the different occurrences of the word “machine” in a representative corpus of Claude Bernard’s writings shows that this phrase, which has a long history, allows for the identification of different scientific degrees in the physiologist’s work. This metaphor, which is also a thought pattern, emerges with the Introduction to the Study of experimental Medicine in 1865; its use indicates that some texts or textual zones are less scientific than they are philosophical or generalist.
EN
In 1863, the publication of Vie de Jésus makes Renan part of the movement of “desymbolisation” and secularization of sacred texts. Eliminating the notion of miracles from his writing on religion, Renan anticipates the pattern of Weber and Gauchet’s “disenchantment of the world”. It is thus by the methods of scientific analysis (eviction of miracles and psychological explications instead) that Renan is able to piece together the Messiah’s life, putting forward the idea of an organic Parousia, and making science a new religious ideal.
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