This paper is about the status of clipped forms. It turns out clipping rules are not completely regular, but the resulting forms must show a transparent relation to the source word, where transparency includes semantic recoverability and phonological resemblance. Furthermore clipped forms have a special stylistic or pragmatic character when compared to the original form. However, the most important conclusion is that clipped forms should not be considered as an arbitrary part of the original word form and therefore seen as having no independent grammatical status, but should be described as nouns in their own right. Arguments for this conclusion come from blend formation. Also Zabrocki’s theory of diacrisis is used to describe the phenomena under discussion.
Blends are traditionally seen as irregular and unsystematic. In this paper it is shown that one must make a distinction between stub compounds or clipped compounds (sitcom, misper) and real blends (brunch, advertorial). In much of the literature on blends, however, stub compounds are classified as blends. Stub compounds appear to be compounds and follow the Compound Stress Rule, whereas blends turn out to form a category of its own. Blends exhibit a right-hand head and insofar they can be compared to compounds. However, their prosodic structure is a copy of the second source word, the word where the final part of the word comes from. The analysis presented here demonstrates that blends consist of one prosodic word, whereas compounds consist of two. This proves that blends are an intermediate category of their own at the intersection of phonology and morphology. The examples discussed mainly come from English. Data from Dutch and German is also presented.
This paper discusses the special interest the Third Reich ideologues had for Germanic minority languages. In particular, the situation in Friesland, Flanders and Brittany is addressed. Moreover, it is made clear how German linguists from that period tried to annex Wallonia as an original Germanic area. Finally, the consequences of this cooperation with the Nazi occupier for the post-war discussions about these minority languages are briefly indicated.
This paper describes the background of the Charter for Regional and Minority Languages (1992). To explain why linguistic diversity became an issue in the last decades of the 20th century, the paper goes back to the end of the 18th and the 19th century, a period in which nation building and homogenization were the main political issues in Western Europe. Since language was seen as nation binder language diversity was anathema. This led to language conflicts, which were sought to be solved by means of the Charter that promoted the acceptance of language diversity.
Morphological change is not a result of mechanical, predictable processes, but of the behavior of language users. Speakers reinterpret opaque data in order to assign a more transparent structure to them. Subsequently successful reinterpretation may form the basis of new derivations. The moment such a derivative word formation process becomes productive a language change has taken place. In addition, this paper shows how language change obscures the distinction between separate morphological processes such as compounding and derivation and thus between morphological categories. Moreover, the data under discussion show that there is not a preferred natural direction of language change. Most of the examples are taken from English and Dutch, but also a few French, Frisian, German and Afrikaans data are discussed.
This paper summarizes the discussion about the origin and the status of Afrikaans. Two schools appear to be opposed to each other: the philological school and a creolistic view. The philological school tried to demonstrate with meticulous research of sources that Afrikaans is a full daughter of 17th century Dutch, which set foot ashore with van Riebeeck in 1652 at the Cape of Good Hope. Linguists who thought of a pattern of creolization in the formation of Afrikaans point to the influence of the languages of slaves brought to South Africa and to the influence of the original inhabitants, the Khoi and the San. This contribution mainly outlines the ideological background of these two schools of thought. For the philological school this is the system of Apartheid, while for the Creolist view the emphasis is more on decolonization.
Niniejszy artykuł omawia trzy procesy tworzenia wyrazów bezmorfemowych, aby wykazać, że oprócz tradycyjnych procesów słowotwórczych istnieje również mało zbadany obszar tworzenia wyrazów bezmorfemowych, który znajduje się na styku fonologii i morfologii. Omówione procesy to skracanie, libfiksacja i mieszanie. We wszystkich trzech procesach istotną rolę wydają się odgrywać cechy prozodyczne i sylabiczne. Analizy przedstawione w artykule koncentrują się głównie na formalnej stronie zagadnienia. Aspekty semantyczne są omawiane jedynie pobieżnie.
EN
This paper discusses three processes of non-morphemic word formation with the aim of making it clear that in addition to traditional processes of word formation, there also exists an underexposed area of non-morphemic word formation, which is located at the interface of phonology and morphology. The processes discussed are clipping, libfixing and blending. In all three processes prosodic and syllabic features appear to play an essential role. The focus of the analyzes presented here is on the formal side. Semantic aspects are only discussed in passing.