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IT
L’articolo si propone di determinare l’impatto che i cambiamenti apportati alle regolazioni giuridiche, specie quelli introdotti dalla legge del 14 aprile 2016 sulla sospensione della vendita di beni immobili appartenenti all’Agenzia fondiaria agricola Tesoro di Stato, hanno avuto sulle forme di gestione del suo patrimonio. Si tratta in particolare di determinare quale di queste forme prevalga nonché il contesto giuridico in cui esse funzionano. L’Autrice fa tra l’altro notare un’importanza minore attribuita alla vendita di beni immobili appartenenti all’Agenzia fondiaria agricola Tesoro di Stato rispetto agli anni 2009–2014 nonché un crescente aumento dei terreni agricoli in affitto. Pertanto, la modifica legislativa in esame ha permesso di rafforzare il ruolo che l’affitto stesso assume nei rapporti agricoli. L’Autrice osserva inoltre che il Centro nazionale per il sostegno agricolo gode di maggiori diritti in caso di vendita di immobili agricoli appartenenti all’Agenzia fondiaria agricola Tesoro di Stato, non solo prima, ma anche dopo la conclusione del contratto. Questa istituzione è anche attiva nell’esercitare il diritto di prelazione nel campo dell’acquisto di quote o azioni in società proprietarie degli immobili agricoli.
EN
The aim of the author of the article was to determine the impact of the amendments to the legal regulations, especially those introduced by the Act of 14 April 2016 on suspending the sale of real estate from the State Treasury Agricultural Property Stock, on the forms of property development. In particular, it is to determine which of these forms dominate and to indicate the legal conditions related to their functioning.  Among other things, it has been noted the sale of the property from the State Treasury Agricultural Property Stock has significantly decreased in comparison with the years 2009–2014, while the area of agricultural land being leased is growing. The amendments to the regulations have therefore strengthened the role of leasing in rural relations. Moreover, the National Agricultural Support Centre enjoys greater rights when selling agricultural property from the State Treasury Agricultural Property Stock, not only before but also after the contract of sale is finalised. The same is true when it comes to the exercise of the pre-emption right to acquire shares in companies owing agricultural property.
PL
Celem artykułu jest określenie wpływu zmian w przepisach prawa, w szczególności wprowadzonych ustawą z 14 kwietnia 2016 r. o wstrzymaniu sprzedaży nieruchomości z Zasobu Własności Rolnej Skarbu Państwa, na formy rozwój nieruchomości, a w szczególności określenie, które z tych form dominują, oraz wskazanie uwarunkowań prawnych związanych z ich funkcjonowaniem. Odnotowano m.in. znaczny spadek sprzedaży nieruchomości z Zasobu Własności Rolnej Skarbu Państwa w porównaniu z latami 2009–2014, przy jednoczesnym wzroście powierzchni dzierżawionych gruntów rolnych. Zmiany przepisów wzmocniły więc rolę leasingu w stosunkach z obszarami wiejskimi. Ponadto Krajowy Ośrodek Wsparcia Rolnictwa ma większe uprawnienia przy sprzedaży nieruchomości rolnej ze Zasobu Własności Rolnej Skarbu Państwa nie tylko przed, ale także po zawarciu umowy sprzedaży. To samo dotyczy wykonywania prawa pierwokupu udziałów w spółkach posiadających majątek rolny.
EN
The article makes an attempt to determine whether the legal regulations provide a perpetual lessee with, first of all, stable conditions to hold agricultural lands and to run a business activity on these lands and, second of all, whether the regulations make it easier for perpetual lessees to acquire the right to own the lands they possess. The first part of the article concentrates on the legal nature of perpetual usufruct as well as the rights and financial obligations of a perpetual lessee. Then, the paper focuses on the transformation of perpetual usufruct into the right of ownership and the expiry of perpetual usufruct. Next, the article analyses the issue of a perpetual lessee as an agricultural producer. At the end, the Author states that perpetual lessee possesses a wide range of rights and can freely run an agricultural activity on agricultural lands. The legislator has acknowledged perpetual usufruct, along with the most popular forms of holding lands such as ownership and lease, to be a stable element of rural relations. Thus, a perpetual lessee can be granted the European funds, agricultural tax reliefs and insurance in KRUS.
PL
Celem artykułu była próba ustalenia, czy regulacje prawne zapewniają użytkownikom wieczystym stabilne warunki władania gruntami rolnymi oraz prowadzenia na nich działalności rolniczej, a także, czy ułatwiają tym podmiotom nabycie własności posiadanych gruntów. W pierwszej kolejności rozważania skupiały się na charakterze prawnym użytkowania wieczystego oraz uprawnieniach i obowiązkach finansowych użytkownika wieczystego. Następnie podjęto tematykę przekształcania użytkowania wieczystego we własność oraz wygaśnięcia użytkowania wieczystego. Kolejna część artykułu odnosiła się do zagadnienia użytkownik wieczysty jako producent rolny. W podsumowaniu stwierdzono, że rozważania wykazały, iż użytkownik wieczysty ma szeroki zakres uprawnień i może on swobodnie prowadzić działalność rolniczą na gruntach rolnych. Ustawodawca uznał bowiem, że użytkowanie wieczyste, obok najpopularniejszych form władania gruntami rolnymi, jak własność i dzierżawa, wpisało się trwale w stosunki wiejskie i dlatego użytkownik wieczysty może korzystać ze środków unijnych, ulg w podatku rolnym czy ubezpieczenia w KRUS.
EN
The aim of the article is to evaluate the national legal instruments (determinants) affecting the establishment and operation of agricultural cooperatives. This problem is wide, therefore, deliberations focus primarily on French and Italian legislation. It presents a brief evolution of regulations on agricultural cooperatives in these countries, with special focus on Rural Code (French Rural Code) and the Italian Civil Code. Emphasis is put on a broad definition of agricultural cooperatives occurring in France and legal simplification concerning the activities of these entities in Italy. Further discussion focuses on the Polish legislation. Particular attention has been given to the development of cooperative agricultural producer groups which was partly a result of significant changes in law. In conclusion, the author states that the legislatures of the old EU Member States have introduced over the years a number of legal instruments affecting the establishment and operation of agricultural cooperatives. While the Polish legislator is trying to facilitate the creation and operation of cooperatives, gradually introducing changes to different legal acts. Such a legislative way is only temporary and does not solve the problems in a comprehensive manner. Therefore, the author favorably evaluates the preparation of a draft act on cooperatives of farmers.
PL
Celem artykułu jest próba oceny prawnych krajowych instrumentów (determinantów) wpływających na zakładanie i funkcjonowanie spółdzielni rolniczych. Problematyka ta jest szeroka, dlatego rozważania koncentrują się w pierwszej kolejności na ustawodawstwie francuskim i włoskim. Przedstawiono krótko ewolucję regulacji prawnych dotyczących spółdzielni rolniczych we wspomnianych krajach, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem Code rural (francuski Kodeks rolny) oraz włoskiego Kodeksu cywilnego. Zaakcentowana została szeroka definicja spółdzielni rolniczych występująca we Francji oraz uproszczenia regulacji prawnych dotyczących działalności tych podmiotów we Włoszech. W dalszej kolejności rozważania koncentrują się na ustawodawstwie polskim. Wskazano na rozwój spółdzielczych grup producentów rolnych, do czego przyczyniły się w znaczącym stopniu zmiany regulacji prawnych. W konkluzji autorka stwierdziła, że ustawodawcy w starych państwach członkowskich Unii Europejskiej na przestrzeni lat wprowadzili liczne instrumenty prawne wpływające na uproszczenia w zakresie zakładania i funkcjonowania spółdzielni rolniczych. Natomiast prawodawca polski wprowadza stopniowo zmiany do różnych ustaw. Taka droga legislacyjna jest tylko czasowa i nie rozwiązuje problemów w sposób kompleksowy. Z tego powodu autorka korzystnie oceniła przygotowanie projektu ustawy o spółdzielniach rolników.
EN
The considerations presented in the article aim to establish the impact of the regula-tions of the new Act of 5 August 2015 on the Shaping of the Agricultural Regime on lease contracts. The main focus is put on the analysis of the subject of and parties to an agricul-tural land lease contract, its form and registration. It is stated that some of the solutions may have a negative impact on lease contracts as they require too many formalities to be taken care of when entering into lease contracts. Taking into account the freedom to enter into contracts principle, invalidation of a contract in the absence of its notarised form seems to be wrong. Here, an introduction of an ad eventum form seems more appropriate, leaving a notarised contract (deed) for larger portions of land (e.g. 5 ha). Other amend-ments also seem necessary, and the article ends with a postulate to that end.
IT
Other amend-ments also seem necessary, and the article ends with a postulate to that end. L’obiettivo delle considerazioni è un tentativo di stabilire l’influenza esercitata dalle regolazioni giuridiche, contenute nella nuova legge del 5 agosto 2015 sulla configurazione dell’ordinamento agrario, sulla concessione in affitto di fondi agricoli. Le considerazioni si concentrano sull’analisi dell’oggetto e delle parti di un contratto di affitto di fondi agricoli, nonché della forma contrattuale e della registrazione. Nella parte conclusiva l’autrice sostiene che alcune soluzioni che riguardano l’affitto possano avere un impatto negativo sulla concessione in affitto di fondi agricoli. Si tratta soprattutto di un eccessivo forma-lismo presente nella conclusione di un contratto di affitto. Tenendo conto della libertà contrattuale, la sanzione di nullità prevista in mancanza di una forma scritta o di un atto notarile non pare fondata. Più vantaggiosa sarebbe l’introduzione di una soluzione chia-mata forma ad eventum. In più un atto notarile è maggiormente indicato in riferimento ad un affitto di fondi agricoli di una superficie superiore a p.es. 5 ettari. Dovrebbe essere cancellata la prescrizione secondo la quale l’affittuario possa diventare parte di tale con-tratto solo se è evidenziato nei registri come proprietario oppure possessore del fondo. Pertanto l’autrice sostiene la necessità di cambiare la legge in esame.
EN
In this article the author explains why, in the context of the draft paper on rural devel-opment submitted to the Polish parliament by the Agricultural and Rural Development Committee, and the recent lease regulations in many European states, is also necessary for a law on agricultural lease to be adopted in Poland as well. First, the regulation of agricultural lease in selected European states is presented, followed by an analysis of a draft law submitted to the Polish parliament (Sejm) in February 2015. The law on agricultural lease has not yet been adopted but its draft constitutes an excellent basis that may be treated as a springboard for further legislative work on that matter which the current Sejm should address.
IT
L’autrice giustifica la necessità di approvare la legge sull’affitto agricolo nel contesto di un progetto depositato alla Camera dei deputati dalla Commissione per l’Agricoltura e lo Sviluppo Rurale e di uno sviluppo dell’attività di affitto in molti Paesi dell’Europa Occidentale. In primo luogo le considerazioni si concentrano sulla presentazione di come l’affitto di fondi agricoli sia disciplinato nei Paesi dell’Unione europea, e successivamente sull’analisi del progetto di legge depositato alla Camera dei deputati nel mese di febbraio 2015. Il documento in oggetto è un’importante voce espressa nella discussione che riguarda la nuova regolazione dell’affitto agricolo. Nella parte conclusiva l’autrice sottolinea che il progetto di legge sull’affitto agricolo depositato dalla Commissione per l’Agricoltura e lo Sviluppo Rurale non è stato approvato, ma costituisce comunque un’ottima base (un punto di partenza) per ulteriori lavori legislativi in materia di affitti agricoli che la nuova Camera dovrebbe intraprendere.
EN
The aim of this paper is an attempt to formulate some proposals regarding the new model of an agricultural cooperative. The general assumptions to the draft law on agricultural cooperatives and the definition of agricultural cooperatives is examined, and the new proposals of legal solutions pertaining to creating cooperatives and their organisational matters are analysed in detail. In the conclusion it is stated that the process of adoption of the new cooperative law and the law on cooperatives will be lengthy and difficult. However, a new law and new regulations are necessary in order to increase the competitiveness of Polish agricultural producers who should be encouraged to joint actions rather than discouraged by impeding barriers being erected.
IT
Lo scopo dell’articolo è un tentativo di formulare proposte riguardanti il nuovo modello di cooperatività agricola. L’oggetto delle considerazioni sono i presupposti generali del progetto di legge sulle cooperative agricole e la definizione delle cooperative agricole. L’analisi dettagliata abbraccia nuove proposte di soluzioni giuridiche nell’ambito dell’istituzione e delle questioni organizzative di questo genere di cooperative. Concludendo, l’autrice ha affermato che il processo di arrivare all’approvazione della nuova legge del Diritto delle cooperative nonché della legge sulle cooperative agricole sarà difficile e piuttosto di lunga durata. Tuttavia, non vi è dubbio che al fine di aumentare la competitività dei produttori agricoli polacchi sono indispensabili le norme che faciliteranno e incentiveranno l’azione di agire insieme, invece di essere un ostacolo in questo ambito.
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EN
The aim of the paper was to familiarise the Polish reader with cooperative agriculture and rural agriculture in Germany. First, the development of cooperative activities in Germany is presented, and next statistical data and directions of development of different activities of cooperatives are examined. Further, selected issues related to the organisation of cooperative, including its formation, organs, and rights and duties of its members are discussed, followed by a presentation of tax regulations that stimulate the development of rural agriculture in Germany. In the conclusion, the stable structure of German cooperative movement is emphasised, and so is the development of German science, the cooperation between schools of higher education and practitioners and the formation of new cooperatives in areas such as the use of renewable energy. In light of that it is postulated that Polish legislators draw on the German experience and incorporate some of Germany’s solutions in domestic laws, particularly those regulating the organisation and taxation of cooperatives.
IT
Lo scopo dell’articolo è di far avvicinare il lettore alla problematica generale del cooperativismo in agricoltura e aree rurali della Germania. In primo luogo, l’autrice descrive il formarsi del cooperativismo nel paese, poi discute i dati statistici e le linee di tendenza nelle attività delle cooperative. In seguito, vengono presentati alcuni argomenti scelti riguardanti l’organizzazione delle cooperative, comprese le questioni concernenti la costituzione delle stesse e dei loro organi, ma anche i diritti e gli obblighi dei membri. Infine, le considerazioni vengono completate con la presentazione delle regolazioni fiscali volte a stimolare lo sviluppo del cooperativismo rurale in Germania. Concludendo, l’autrice mette in luce la struttura stabile del cooperativismo, lo sviluppo della scienza tedesca, la cooperazione tra le università e i rappresentanti del mondo pratico, e la creazione di nuove cooperative nell’ambito p.es. dell’utilizzo delle energie rinnovabili. Secondo l’autrice, il legislatore polacco dovrebbe cercare di trarre vantaggio dalle esperienze e da alcune soluzioni messe in pratica in Germania. Ciò vale in particolare per le regolazioni in materia di questioni organizzative e fiscali.
IT
L’articolo si propone di rispondere alla domanda se e fino a che punto la regolazione giuridica delle cooperative agricole, della loro organizzazione e del funzionamento riesca a far fronte alle sfide poste in Polonia all’agricoltura moderna. Nella parte conclusiva, l’Autrice ha affermato tra l’altro che, dopo l’adesione della Polonia all’Unione Europea, l’attività delle cooperative agricole si concentra non solo sull’attività di produzione, ma è orientata anche a sostenere l’operato dei cooperatori-produttori agricoli. Di conseguenza, l’attività intrapresa favorisce lo sviluppo dell’agricoltura stessa, iscrivendosi allo stesso tempo nel quadro delle politiche dell’UE. Il legislatore, inteso a disciplinare le cooperative agricole, la loro organizzazione e il funzionamento, si impegna a rispondere alle sfide poste all’agricoltura moderna, benché, ed è fuori dubbio, siano necessarie ulteriori modifiche legislative.
EN
The aim of the article is to answer the question whether and to what extent the legal regulation of agricultural cooperatives, their organisation and functioning respond to the challenges of modern agriculture in Poland. It has been shown that following Poland’s accession to the European Union, the activity of Polish agricultural cooperatives has been focused not only on production but also on supporting the activity of co-op-producers of agricultural produce. As a result Polish agriculture has being developing well and, at the same time, in line with EU policies. By regulating agricultural cooperatives, their organisation and functioning, the legislator seeks to respond to the challenges of modern agriculture, although there is no doubt that further legislative changes are necessary.
EN
The purpose of this article is, first of all, to evaluate legal regulations concerning the establishment and development of social cooperatives in rural areas. The first part of the paper focuses on the issues relating to a social economy. Since cooperatives do not operate for their own profit but for the benefit of their members, they contribute to carrying out the tasks of a social economy. Next, the article analyzes the Act of 27 April 2006 on social cooperatives, drawing attention to the problems connected with obtaining the status of the unemployed by an owner of farming lands, their spouse or a household member [Ustawa... 2006 b]. Additionally, the paper discusses the sources of financial aid addressed to the entities in question. In conclusions, the Author recommends that the regulations governing the operation of social cooperatives should be changed.
PL
Celem artykułu była przede wszystkim ocena przepisów prawnych dotyczących zakładania spółdzielni socjalnych i rozwijania ich działalności na wsi. W pierwszej kolejności zaprezentowano zagadnienia związane z pojęciem ekonomii społecznej. Spółdzielnie bowiem jako podmioty, które co do zasady działają nie dla zysku własnego, lecz członków, świetnie wpisują się w realizację założeń właśnie ekonomii społecznej. Następnie dokonano analizy Ustawy z dnia 27 kwietnia 2006 r. o spółdzielniach socjalnych, zwracając szczególną uwagę na problemy związane z uzyskaniem statusu bezrobotnego przez właściciela gruntów rolnych, jego małżonka czy domownika [Ustawa... 2006 b]. W dalszej kolejności rozważania skupiały się na środkach pomocy finansowej dla omawianych podmiotów. W podsumowaniu autorka postuluje zmiany przepisów dotyczących funkcjonowania spółdzielni socjalnych.
EN
The purpose of this article is to identify the legal problems concerning agricultural land transactions and management as well as to try to solve these problems, namely to formulate de lege ferenda conclusions. First of all, the discussion focuses on the issues relating to a sub–lease of agricultural land in the context of the pre–emption right and getting the EU financial aid. Next, the paper indicates the problems concerning the pre–emption right that the lessees of municipal land have and the possibility these entities have to use tax preferences to enlarge their farms. Subsequently, the article presents the issue of building works on agricultural land which is part of the farm, especially the works done by individual farmers. The author, presenting the above problems, has tried to put forward de lege ferenda proposals, for instance granting the pre–emption right to a sub–lessee, granting tax preferences to lessees of municipal and private land in the case of enlarging the farms and the freedom to build family farms on agricultural land. In addition, the summary calls for adopting a new act on agricultural lease and for changing the scope of activity of the Agriculture Property Agency.
EN
The paper aims to establish the direction of development of agricultural cooperatives in selected Member States, having regard to EU policies and European Union law. The conclusions of the deliberations point to the impact of EU law and EU policies, including the Common Agricultural Policy and its special role in the development of cooperatives. It is also emphasised that cooperatives are among those instruments with which EU policies and law are implemented. A special role is also played by cooperatives operating in the agricultural sector as they engage in regional development, environmental protection, re-newable sources of energy and various social matters. In the authoress’ opinion, domestic legislations on agricultural cooperatives in Member States such as France, Italy, or Germa-ny, have been largely shaped by the tradition of the cooperative movement, but also by relevant EU policies and EU law.
IT
L’obiettivo dell’articolo è di identificare le tendenze di sviluppo delle cooperative agricole negli Stati membri scelti, tenendo conto delle politiche e diritto dell’Unione eu-ropea. Nelle conclusioni, l’autrice mette in evidenza che, da un lato, si osserva l’impatto del diritto e politiche dell’Unione europea, in particolare la Politica Agricola Comune, sullo sviluppo delle cooperative, dall’altro, la cooperativa è uno degli strumenti atti a rag-giungere gli obiettivi delle suddette politiche. Di particolare importanza sono la partecipa-zione delle cooperative ai mercati agricoli, l’impegno assunto nelle attività di sviluppo regionale nell’ambito della tutela dell’ambiente e dell’energia rinnovabile, le questioni sociali. A parere dell’autrice, allo sviluppo della normativa nazionale in materia di cooper-ative agricole nei Paesi dell’Unione europea, tra l’altro Francia, Italia e Germania, hanno contribuito la tradizione del movimento cooperativo e appunto le politiche e diritto dell’Unione europea.
IT
L’articolo si propone di risolvere i problemi di interpretazione relativi al concetto di fondo agricolo, azienda agricola, attività agricola presenti nella legge sul regime agricolo nel contesto della pratica notarile. A seguito della sua entrata in vigore, e in particolare della revisione del 14 aprile 2016, si sono verificati problemi di interpretazione legati ai concetti menzionati, ai quali la pratica e la dottrina hanno cercato di ovviare. Le modifiche introdotte, basate sulla revisione del 26 aprile 2019, hanno dato, almeno in parte, una risposta ai dilemmi segnalati. Non vi è dubbio che le varie interpretazioni in circolazione non erano d’aiuto nelnormalizzare la compravendita in oggetto. Pertanto, le modifiche andrebbero valutate positivamente,anche se le controversie continuano a sorgere. Ne è un esempio l’impatto, esercitato dalla modifica della destinazione d’uso dei fondi agricoli a fini non agricoli, sull’obbligo di svolgere un’attività agricola per la durata di 5 anni.
EN
The aim of the considerations is an attempt to solve problems related to the interpretation of the concepts of agricultural property, an agricultural holding and agricultural activity as defined in the Act on shaping the agricultural system experienced by notaries in their practice. After the entry of the Act into force, and especially after the amendment of 14 April 2016, there emerged interpretation problems related to the concept of agricultural property, an agricultural holding and agricultural activity, but the practice and doctrine strived to find interpretative solutions despite the difficulties. As a result, however, diverse interpretations of the concepts or terms in question did not serve the stability of the trading in agricultural property. The modifications introduced on the basis of the amendment of the Act of 26 April 2019 were to some extent a response to the dilemmas reported, and as such they must be assessed positively. At the same time, certain controversial issues remain, and example of which is the impact of a change from the designation of agricultural property for non-agricultural purposes into a 5-year obligation to operate an agricultural holding.
PL
Celem rozważań jest próba rozwiązania problemów interpretacyjnych związanych z pojęciem nieruchomości rolnej, gospodarstwa rolnego, działalności rolniczej w ustawie o kształtowaniu ustroju rolnego (UKUR) przy dokonywaniu czynności notarialnych. Po wejściu w życie UKUR, a szczególnie nowelizacji z 14 kwietnia 2016 r., pojawiły się problemy interpretacyjne związane z pojęciem nieruchomości rolnej, gospodarstwa rolnego oraz działalności rolniczej, ale praktyka i doktryna starały się znaleźć rozwiązanie. Modyfikacje wprowadzone na podstawie nowelizacji UKUR z 26 kwietnia 2019 r. były w pewnym zakresie odpowiedzią na zgłaszane dylematy. Nie ulega wątpliwości, że zróżnicowane wykładnie wspomnianych pojęć nie służyły stabilizacji obrotu nieruchomościami rolnymi. Dlatego zmiany należy ocenić pozytywnie. Jednocześnie nadal występują kwestie dyskusyjne. Przykładem jest chociażby wpływ zmiany przeznaczenia nieruchomości rolnych na cele nierolnicze na 5-letni obowiązek prowadzenia gospodarstwa rolnego.
EN
The aim of this paper is an attempt to establish whether the legal organisation of the milk market in Poland serves its development, in particular in the light of the recent reform and planned abolishment of milk quotas as of April 2015. The following issues are analysed: milk quotas and milk producers, dairy products cooperatives as entities collecting and processing milk, milk producers groups and organisations of producers in the milk and dairy products sector. The author postulates a greater support of dairy products cooperatives because of their role in the stabilisation and development of the milk market, and as contributors to a higher income of milk producers. She also points to the need of change in the financing system of the groups and organisations of milk producers, which may be achieved, among others, by a step-by-step creation of the organisation structure (as was the case with the fruit and vegetable market) and implementation of instruments which will ensure that these entities will not disappear once the EU funds have been exhausted, and become, instead, a durable element of the development of this sector of agriculture.
IT
L’obiettivo dell’articolo è quello di tentare di determinare se l’organizzazione giuridica del mercato del latte giova allo sviluppo del settore agricolo, tenendo particolarmente in considerazione la riforma del mercato del latte e l’abolizione delle quote latte dall’aprile del 2015. Da questo punto di vista l’autrice analizza le seguenti questioni: quote latte e produttori, cooperative lattiero-caseari come soggetti collettori e trasformatori, gruppi di produttori di latte e organizzazioni di produttori nel settore del latte e dei prodotti lattierocaseari trasformati. In conclusione, l’autrice postula un maggiore sostegno alle cooperative lattierocasearie a causa del loro ruolo nella stabilità e nello sviluppo del mercato del latte, ed anche nell’aumento dei redditi dei produttori di latte. Evidenzia inoltre la necessità di cambiare le regole del finanziamento dei gruppi e organizzazioni di produttori di latte. Si tratta tra l’altro di creare la struttura organizzativa tappa per tappa (come nel caso del mercato della frutta e della verdura) e di introdurre strumenti che faranno sì che questi soggetti non vengano sciolti dopo aver usufruito dei fondi dell’Ue, ma che vengano saldamente
EN
The article aims, firstly, to define the legal framework of the way agricultural producer groups are established, recognized and how they operate (with particular attention given to amendments to legal regulations of 2019 and 2020) and to assess them in the context of current challenges that farms and agricultural markets are facing, and secondly, determining which legal regulations constitute a barrier to the establishment and development of agricultural producer organizations and indication of proposals fortheir amendment. The considerations focusprimarily on EU regulations on agricultural producer organisations (including, in particular, Regulation (EU) No 1308/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 December 2013 establishing a common organisation of the markets in agricultural products and repealing Council Regulations (EEC) No 922/72, (EEC) No 234/79, (EC) No 1037/2001 and (EC) No 1234/2007) and the Polish regulations amended in 2019 and 2020. The issue of the European Green Deal and the 2030 biodiversity strategy and “farm to fork” published in May 2020 by the European Commission is discussed. It is agricultural producer organisations that can contribute to the implementation of the assumptions included in those EU documents and they are important in terms of the development of farms and agricultural markets. Further on, the publication points out to the differences and similarities between organisations and groups of agricultural producers. In the conclusion, the author states, inter alia, that the factors hindering the recognition of the organisations include a high number of agricultural producers necessary for registration and the amount of supplied agricultural products. She positively assesses the amendments to the legal regulations that entered into force in May 2020. They allow agricultural producer organisations to use EU funds under the measure “Creation of producer groups and producer organisations” covered by the Rural Development Program for 2014-2020. Finally, she proposes adopting a separate act on agricultural producer organisations, regulating the principles of establishing and functioning of the entities in questions.
PL
Celem rozważań była próba określenia kształtu prawnego zakładania, uznawania i funkcjonowania organizacji producentów rolnych (ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem zmian regulacji prawnych z 2019 i 2020 r.) oraz ich oceny w kontekście obecnych wyzwań dotyczących gospodarstw i rynków rolnych. Starano się także ustalić, które regulacje prawne stanowią barierę w zakresie zakładania i rozwoju organizacji producentów rolnych oraz wskazać propozycje ich zmiany. Rozważania skoncentrowano przede wszystkim na regulacjach unijnych dotyczących organizacji producentów rolnych (w tym zwłaszcza na rozporządzeniu Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady (UE) nr 1308/2013 z 17 grudnia 2013 r. ustanawiających wspólną organizację rynków produktów rolnych) oraz znowelizowanych w 2019 i 2020 r. polskich przepisach. Poruszono zagadnienie europejskiego Zielonego Ładu i strategii na rzecz bioróżnorodności 2030 oraz „od pola do stołu” opublikowanych w maju 2020 r. przez Komisję Europejską. Do realizacji założeń wynikających z tych unijnych dokumentów mogą przyczynić się właśnie organizacje producentów rolnych, są one również ważne w aspekcie rozwoju gospodarstw i rynków rolnych. W dalszej części rozważań wskazano różnice i podobieństwa pomiędzy organizacjami a grupami producentów rolnych. W konkluzji stwierdzono m.in., że czynnikiem stanowiącym barierę w zakresie uznawania organizacji jest prawdopodobnie m.in. wysoka liczba producentów rolnych konieczna do rejestracji, jak i ilość dostarczanych produktów rolnych. Pozytywnie oceniono zmiany regulacji prawnych, które weszły w życie w maju 2020 r. Pozwalają one na korzystanie także przez organizacje producentów rolnych ze środków unijnych z działania „Tworzenie grup producentów i organizacji producentów” objętego Programem Rozwoju Obszarów Wiejskich na lata 2014-2020. Na koniec zaproponowano uchwalenie odrębnej ustawy o organizacjach producentów rolnych, regulującej zasady zakładania i funkcjonowania omawianych podmiotów.
EN
The aim of the article was an attempt to determine whether and to what extent legal regulations allow the lessees of agricultural land to use funds from the first and second pillar of the Common Agricultural Policy and to refund part of the excise tax included in the price of diesel fuel used for agricultural production. The implementation of the indicated goal requires consideration of legal regulations on financing and construction of the lease of agricultural land (primarily the Civil Code Act and the Act of 19 October 1991 on the management of agricultural property of the State Treasury). First of all, the considerations focused on the direct payment system. It was emphasized that when an agricultural plot is the subject of independent ownership and dependent ownership, it is the dependent holder who is entitled to use direct payments. Further on, the considerations concerned the support for lessees from the second pillar of the Common Agricultural Policy, primarily the agri-environment-climate scheme, suport for organic farming and modernization of farms. Then, as part of the article, selected issues from the Act of 10 March 2006 on the refund of excise duty included in the price of diesel fuel used for agricultural production were discussed. The aid specified in this legal act is included in the schemes approved by the European Commission pursuant to Commission Regulation (EU) No 651/2014 of 17 June 2014 declaring certain types of aid compatible with the internal market pursuant to Articles 107 and 108 of the Treaty. Subsequently, considerations focused on selected elements of the structure of the lease agreement, most of all, the duration, extension of the contract and the issue of making improvements to the subject of the lease. In conclusion, the author stated, among other things, that the fact that farmers who are lessees are entitled to use the basic instrument of the EU support for agricultural producers, that is the system of direct payments, especially area payments, as well as selected schemes under the Rural Development Plan and the refund of part of the tax included in the price of diesel fuel used for agricultural production should be positively assessed. Provisions on the structure of the lease agreement included in the Civil Code, as a rule, do not favor the conclusion of long-term contracts, and do not include separate provisions on the extension of the lease or the settlement of improvements to the subject of the lease, which sometimes makes it difficult to obtain payments from the second pillar of the Common Agricultural Policy.
PL
Celem artykułu była próba odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy i na ile przepisy prawne pozwalają na korzystanie dzierżawcom gruntów rolnych ze środków finansowych z pierwszego i drugiego filaru Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej oraz zwrotu części podatku akcyzowego zawartego w cenie oleju napędowego wykorzystywanego do produkcji rolnej. Realizacja wskazanego celu wymaga przeprowadzenia rozważań w aspekcie regulacji prawnych dotyczących finansowania oraz konstrukcji umowy dzierżawy gruntów rolnych (przede wszystkim ustawa – Kodeks cywilny oraz ustawa z dnia 19 października 1991 r. o gospodarowaniu nieruchomościami rolnymi Skarbu Państwa). W pierwszej kolejności rozważania koncentrowały się na systemie płatności bezpośrednich. Podkreślono, że w przypadku gdy działka rolna stanowi przedmiot posiadania samoistnego i posiadania zależnego, płatności bezpośrednie przysługują posiadaczowi zależnemu. W dalszej części rozważania dotyczyły wsparcia dzierżawców z drugiego filaru Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej, przede wszystkim programu rolno-środowisko-klimatycznego, wsparcia rolnictwa ekologicznego oraz modernizacji gospodarstw rolnych. Następnie omówiono wybrane zagadnienia z ustawy z dnia 10 marca 2006 r. o zwrocie podatku akcyzowego zawartego w cenie oleju napędowego wykorzystywanego do produkcji rolnej. Pomoc określona w tym akcie prawnym wpisuje się w programy zatwierdzone w Komisji Europejskiej na podstawie rozporządzenia Komisji (UE) nr 651/2014 z dnia 17 czerwca 2014 r. uznającego niektóre rodzaje pomocy za zgodne z rynkiem wewnętrznym w zastosowaniu art. 107 i 108 Traktatu. W dalszej kolejności rozważania koncentrowały się na wybranych elementach konstrukcji umowy dzierżawy – przede wszystkim czasie trwania, przedłużeniu umowy oraz kwestii dokonywania ulepszeń na przedmiocie dzierżawy. W podsumowaniu zawarto m.in. wniosek, że pozytywnie ocenić należy możliwość korzystania przez rolników dzierżawców z podstawowego instrumentu unijnego wsparcia producentów rolnych, jaki stanowi system płatności bezpośrednich, a zwłaszcza obszarowych, a także wybranych programów w ramach Planu Rozwoju Obszarów Wiejskich oraz zwrotu części podatku akcyzowego zawartego w cenie oleju napędowego wykorzystywanego do produkcji rolnej. Przepisy prawne dotyczące konstrukcji umowy dzierżawy zawarte w Kodeksie cywilnym z reguły nie sprzyjają zawieraniu umów długoterminowych, nie obejmują także odrębnych postanowień na temat przedłużenia dzierżawy czy rozliczeń ulepszeń przedmiotu dzierżawy, co utrudnia czasami uzyskanie płatności, szczególnie z drugiego filaru Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej.
EN
The aim of this article is to identify legal problems that arise from the term of a land lease. Certain solutions are proposed, also regarding the question whether the principles according to which a lease duration is actually determined to ensure the holder (tenant) stability necessary to manage the rented land and carry out business efficiently. It is concluded that in comparison to other European countries, when it comes to the regulation of a lease in the civil code in Poland, there is little interest on the part of either party in the duration of a lease. Both parties to a lease contract are granted freedom to decide upon a short or unspecified term of lease, to the effect that the concluded contracts do not secure any stability of the lease and fail to encourage tenants to make investments, or to consider long-term plans and conducting some rational management of land. Hence the authoress’ de lege ferenda conclusions proposing certain necessary amendments to the existing regulation.
IT
Lo scopo dell’articolo era di identificare i problemi giuridici relativi alla determinazione della durata di locazione e di tentare di risolverli, ma anche di rispondere alla domanda se le regole relative alla determinazione di questo tempo garantiscano al possessore dipendente la stabilizzazione in termini di diritto del godimento dei terreni e di svolgimento di un’attività economica. In conclusione, l’autrice ha affermato che sullo sfondo delle regolazioni dell’Europa occidentale si può osservare uno scarso interesse del legislatore nazionale per quanto riguarda la durata di locazione nel codice civile. Questo atto giuridico dà alle parti piena libertà in materia di stipulazione dei contratti di locazione dei terreni agricoli per un breve periodo o per un periodo indeterminato. I contratti in questione sono poco stabili, non incoraggiano i locatori a impiegare risorse, progettare e svolgere una razionale attività economica. Pertanto, l’autrice ha formulato le conclusioni de lege ferenda volte a configurare diversamente la durata di locazione.
EN
The purpose of the paper was to answer the question whether the legal regulations ensure an agricultural producer (lessee) sufficient stability in terms of farming, namely in terms of running a stable agricultural activity. According to the author of this article, this stability consists of two elements: ensuring the agricultural producer continuity of possession and enjoyment of the profits as well as guaranteeing manufacturing capacity of the subject of the agricultural lease. The article presents, among other things, the assessment of the influence of legal solutions included in Act of 16 September 2011 on changing Act on the management of agricultural property of the State Treasury on stability of the agricultural lease. It also analyzes questions relating to lease of private land and lease of land from the units of local governments. Moreover, the article focuses on the instruments protecting the manufacturing capacity of the subject of the lease, including EU regulations that make the obtaining of financial support subject to meeting numerous requirements concerning the treatments and maintaining good agricultural condition. The article also concentrates on the issues of amendments and improvements. In the final part of the article the author has stated that research has confirmed that the legal regulations do not protect farming on leased agricultural land in a sufficient way. The current legal regulations on agricultural land lease do not correspond to the requirements of present situation in Poland. Therefore, de lege ferenda proposal has been put forward to change the provisions relating to the agricultural land lease
EN
The purpose of this article is to determine the legal conditions for setting up and running an activity by farmers’ cooperatives and an attempt at establishing which of the legal regulations may encourage agricultural producers to organize such entities, and which impose barriers. The author starts by indicating the characteristic features of farmers’ cooperatives against other cooperative entities, which result from the new Act of 4 October 2018. Next, the procedure required to set up a farmers’ cooperative is presented. Special attention has been given to the cooperative’s statute, its bodies, and to the issues of shares and contributions. Subsequently, the author tried to establish whether the functioning cooperatives, including cooperative groups of agricultural producers and organizations of agricultural producers (also of fruit and vegetables), which meet the criteria laid down in the Act of 4 October 2018, will be able to qualify as farmers’ cooperatives. The author’s considerations also address the issue of financial incentives, which are meant to encourage farmers to set up cooperatives (preferential real estate tax and corporate income tax rates), within the aspect of de minimis aid and de minimis aid in agriculture. In the summary, the author states, among others, that the passing and entering into effect of the Act of 4 October 2018 on farmers’ cooperatives must be evaluated positively. Attempts to pass new provisions regarding cooperatives, both in general and in relation to chosen industries, such as farmers, have been made a number of times in the past years. At the same time, in its current shape, the Act of 4 October 2018 cannot contribute to a large-scale interest in the cooperative movement in rural areas, nor to the setting up of farmers’ cooperatives. For the above reasons, the author proposes that some changes be introduced to the new legal act.
PL
Celem artykułu jest określenie prawnych uwarunkowań tworzenia i prowadzenia działalności przez spółdzielnie rolników oraz próba ustalenia, które z regulacji prawnych mogą zachęcać producentów rolnych do organizowania takich podmiotów albo stanowić bariery w tym zakresie. Rozważania rozpoczyna wskazanie cech charakterystycznych spółdzielni rolników na tle innych podmiotów spółdzielczych, a wynikających z nowej ustawy z dnia 4 października 2018 r. o spółdzielniach rolników. Następnie zaprezentowana została procedura zakładania spółdzielni rolników. Szczególna uwaga została zwrócona na statut, organy spółdzielni, zagadnienie udziałów i wkładów. W dalszej kolejności autorka stara się ustalić, czy działające spółdzielnie, w tym spółdzielcze grupy producentów rolnych, spółdzielcze organizacje producentów rolnych (także owoców i warzyw), spełniające wymagania wskazane w ustawie z 4 października 2018 r. będą mogły zostać uznane za spółdzielnie rolników. W ramach studium poruszone zostało także zagadnienie instrumentów finansowych mających zachęcić do zakładania spółdzielni rolników (preferencje w podatku od nieruchomości oraz podatku dochodowym od osób prawnych) w aspekcie pomocy de minimis oraz pomocy de minimis w rolnictwie. W podsumowaniu autorka stwierdziła m.in., że należy ocenić pozytywnie uchwalenie i wejście w życie ustawy z 4 października 2018 r. o spółdzielniach rolników. Od kilku lat podejmowane były bowiem próby uchwalenia nowych przepisów dotyczących spółdzielni zarówno w odniesieniu do zasad ogólnych, jak i wybranych branż, w tym spółdzielni rolników. Jednocześnie w obecnym kształcie ustawa o spółdzielniach rolników może nie przyczynić się do ożywionego zainteresowania ruchem spółdzielczym na obszarach wiejskich i tworzenia tych organizacji. Dlatego autorka proponuje rozważanie wprowadzenia kilku zmian do nowego aktu prawnego.
EN
The aim of this paper is to attempt to answer the question whether EU funds are an effective instrument for the development of cooperatives in agriculture and rural areas. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the provisions relating to both the legal regulations of EU funds and the establishment and operation of cooperatives. Firstly, the paper presents selected general issues concerning the cooperative movement in agriculture. Then, the discussion relates to agricultural producer groups, particularly the principles of using the EU funds and the characteristics of these entities. Subsequently, the research focuses on agricultural production cooperatives, dairy cooperatives and social cooperatives, especially in respect of the EU funds of which they could be beneficiaries. In conclusion, the author states that the European funds are unquestionably an effective tool for the development of cooperatives in agriculture and rural areas. First of all, it refers to cooperative agricultural producer groups and social cooperatives which run also agricultural activities. At the same time the EU funds serve as an additional factor in mobilizing groups of agricultural producers to extend the basic purpose of their activities. It refers mainly to processing. The author puts forward the demand for further financial support for groups of agricultural producers after 2013 and the adoption of a new Cooperative Law, and a separate law on agricultural cooperatives.
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