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Jedność wielości

100%

Wnuk-Lisowska E.

Studia Religiologica

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2012

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vol. 45

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issue 2

147–163

EN

Philosophical discourse in Islam revolves around God, and God’s manifestation in the world. This article attempts to describe the philosophical concept, and especially the Sufi concept, of God. For Muslim philosophers the question “how does unity give rise to multiplicity?” had a crucial meaning. In Islam God is One, and everything else is two or more. The Oneness of being remains inaccessible to people. However, Sufis tried to give an answer to the question “What is Reality? What is the ‘face of God’, and what does this notion really mean?” And also “what veils separate Him from His creation?” Sufis tried to find the answer to all these questions not in the calm of a library but in deep religious experience. Because God in His mercy revealed the Laws in order that people would be able to make choices which lead directly to their felicity in the next stage of their experience. This was a difficult and dangerous process, and it required from neophytes a love of God. In their searches, the Sufis try to answer the question of what one sees when one throws off the inhibiting shackles of the mind and senses, what does one feel when one crosses the border of the phenomenal world? What kind of world does one observe when one wakes up from a dream which is life? What does one see in the state of illumination?

2

FUNDAMENTALIZM I DŻIHAD. GROŹNA TWARZ ISLAMU?

100%

Wnuk-Lisowska E.

Studia Religiologica

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2003

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vol. 36

PL

FUNDAMENTALISM AND JIHAD. SINISTER FACE OF ISLAM?A problem of fundamentalism in Islam has been rooted in a different way, then in European terminology. The word usûl meant – “movement of reforms in shism”, it meant also theologians and lawyers – people who worked upon usûl ad-din – “the fundament of religion”, and usûl al-fiqh – “the fundament of laws”. In the first centuries of Islam the word was connected with the purity of religion and it rather had not a political meaning. However it was very difficult, to tell what “pure” Islam meant, and looked like. In consequence it caused development of different schools and attitudestowards Islam. Among them growing popularity earned ideology of jihad of XIII century theologian – ibn Taymijja. His glorification of “sacred war”, as he called jihad, became popular in XIX century and is popular today among a certain group of people.The reasons of development of Islamic fundamentalism we may find in Islam itself (there is not separation sacred from profanum). It is also reaction for “strangers” (since XIII century). But, I would like to stress, that in many ways, it has been caused by the arrogance of the West. Islam is not dangerous, as religion, but truly dangerous are people who use it as an instrument of war ideology.

3

Chezr – Zielony Prorok

100%

Wnuk-Lisowska E.

Studia Religiologica

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2012

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vol. 45

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issue 4

301–310

EN

Khadir, or Khwaja Khadir (Khizr, Khezr, Arabic: “green”, “greenish”), Green Prophet (green symbolising “freshness” and new life) is a popular and familiar fi gure across Arabic countries, Iran, Afghanistan, Central Asia, India and the Far East. The complex and mysterious fi gure of Khezr is connected with Idris, Elijah, Enoch, Saint George, and Skanda, and is associated with the water, cave, and immortality (he lives on an island or upon a green carpet in the heart of the sea, or else in the far northern country called Yuh, which seems to be an earthly paradise). Khezr is reputedly the only soul who has gained life immortal from tasting the Fountain of Life. He is still alive and continues to guide those who invoke his name. In popular Islamic lore Green Prophet is also the mysterious guide, an angel, the immortal saint and the hidden initiator of those who walk the mystical path. He appears in Sura 18, 66 (Al Kalf, “The Cave”) where together with Moses he goes on a long journey to a point where two rivers met. But his wisdom surpasses that of Moses, and has rather a tinge of gnosis, the character of divine wisdom imparted by God to the Prophet Muhammad and the Prophet Khidr.

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Jedność wielości

FUNDAMENTALIZM I DŻIHAD. GROŹNA TWARZ ISLAMU?

Chezr – Zielony Prorok