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Movement or stabilization? The Upper San River basin in the second half of the 1st millennium BC

100%
Bochnak T.
Acta Archaeologica Carpathica
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2019
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vol. LIV
25-56
EN
The ‘Celtic episode’ of the prehistoric Sanok region should be associated with a group of colonists from the south who, during phase LT C, used the local brine springs to produce salt and supply it to the population of the Upper Tisa River basin. For now, no finds definitely associated with phases LT B or LT D have been discovered in the region. The settlers probably relied on both agriculture and animal husbandry to sustain their communities. It seems unlikely they were able to produce any food surpluses, considering the unfavourable climate and poor soil conditions. When the expansion of Dacian tribes to the south of the Carpathians began to cause shifts in the political landscape and the trade routes’ network, the San River Valley cultural centre lost its economic significance and entered a period of decline. Presumably, some of the population may have migrated north into the more fertile lands, while others might have returned to the areas of their origin. According to the available data, there seems to be no clear continuity between the La Tène occupation and the oldest Przeworsk culture finds dated to the end of the early pre-Roman period.
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Przyczyny zaniku ceramiki toczonej na ziemiach polskich w początkach I w. po Chr. – zapomniany sekret, uwarunkowania społeczno-psychologiczne czy czynniki ekonomiczne?

100%
Bochnak T.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2013
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vol. LXIV
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issue 64
85-95
EN
Relics of pottery kilns identified in the La Tène Culture settlement at Nowa Cerekwia, Upper Silesia, and in sites of the Tyniec Group in the Krakow region document local production of wheel-made pottery. The youngest finds of wheel-made wares are contemporary with the horizon of A. 68 fibulae. The technology was not adopted by the people of the Przeworsk Culture and almost invariably the pottery produced after the decline of Celtic cultures is hand-built; finds of wheel-made pottery of Early Iron Age date are very rare. This phenomenon has been explained in various ways. Some researchers, e.g., J. Wielowiejski, J. Marciniak and A. Cofta-Broniewska, concluded that the secrets of production of wheel-made pottery had not been handed down to the people of Przeworsk Culture and that with the extinction of the last foci of Celtic culture the knowledge of more advanced pottery making technologies naturally died out too. Alternately, J. Rodzińska-Nowak has proposed that a key factor responsible for the non-adoption of the wheel-made pottery technology by the Przeworsk Culture people was the existence of a socio-psychological barrier, the result of the traditional division of tasks into male and female. While feasible, this reason cannot be recognized as crucial. The decline of wheel-made pottery on the threshold of our era is a more widespread phenomenon observed across the Central European Barbaricum, both the territory occupied by latenized cultures (Przeworsk Culture, Elbian Culture), by the acculturated communities descended from the people of the Tyniec Group, a culture unit with Celtic traditions, and also on the territory of the “state” of Maroboduus, under influence of Rome. The named communities were dissimilar in their culture outlook, having evolved from different traditions but in none of them the technology of wheel-made pottery was adopted for good. In the Gross Romstedt Culture and in the Plaňany Horizon there is evidence on local pottery production using the potter’s wheel but there too the technology relatively soon disappears from the archaeological record. It is unlikely that in these environments, dissimilar in their tradition and evolving under the impact from different cultures, the traditional division into female and male roles could have played a key role in the reception of innovative pottery making technologies. Presumably, on the threshold of the Roman Period in communities residing on the territory of Poland there was a well-defined division of tasks into male and female, but it was not treated very rigorously or, possibly, it did not extend to all the areas of life and some activities were carried out together by both sexes. I believe that the key factor decisive for the decline of wheel-made pottery on the territory of Poland at the onset of the Roman Period was economic. In this I share the view expressed by L. Gajewski, J. Wielowiejski and K. Godłowski who, nevertheless, nowhere specify how they understand this term. To function, production workshops, potteries also, depend on the existence of a distribution network for their wares and there is a need to break with the autarkic tradition. The craftsmen must be assured of having recipients of their wares and in conditions of isolation of individual human groups and the limited scale of exchange the demand for their products is limited. There is an observable difference here between a potter and a blacksmith, the latter is more mobile and, what is more, has a monopoly on his activity for, in contrast to mass pottery production which needs to compete against wares made by hand as part of household activities, the means for individual manufacture of metal objects are quite limited. Specialised pottery workshops on the territory of Poland became viable only when exchange between human groups became sufficiently frequent and intensive for the cost of transport of pottery to decrease so that the ratio of the price of the vessels offered to their value (not necessarily utilitarian only) was recognized as favourable. Specialised pottery making could not function without a developed distribution network; only when the necessary level of social and economic development had been reached did it become profitable to introduce pottery as an object of exchange.
3
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Cum grano salis, or about the Anartophracti in the Słonne Mountains

100%
Bochnak T., Twardo S.
Acta Archaeologica Carpathica
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2021
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vol. LVI
309-334
EN
At the end of the 20th century, as the researchers became more convinced about the existence of the La Tène culture settlement zone in south-eastern Poland, there were more and more attempts at identifying the ethnicity of this population. Some of the researchers allowed for connecting the said settlement with the Anartophracti, known from Claudius Ptolemy’ writings (Geography, III, 5, 8). However, in order to identify the La Tène culture population from south-eastern Poland with Ptolemy’s Anartophracti, it is necessary to prove that Ptolemy’s account concerned the peoples inhabiting the area of the upper San basin in the 3rd and possibly 2nd century B.C. It is thus necessary to prove that the geographical and chronological data are consistent. One more argument in support of the claim would be a proof that the name Anartophracti refers to a Celtic tribe. It would have to be also assumed a priori that the ethnonym of Anartophracti is not a duplicate of the name Anarti. In author’s opinion, Ptolemy’s writings do not allow to prove that the Anartophracti he mentions lived at the areas on the upper San river: they could have rather lived to the east or north-east of the Carpathians. Ptolemy’s account is not clear enough to locate the Anartophractis’ settlements. The above list of the written sources seems to indicate that the chronology of all the information concerning the Anarti ranges between the end of the 1st half of the 1st c. B.C. and the late 240s A.D. There are no premises to link with the Anarti any settlement concentrations from the north-eastern La Tène culture from phase LT C or LT D1.
4
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Brytyjskie naczynie z emaliowanym zoomorficznym wylewem z Łęgu Piekarskiego – nowe ustalenia i hipotezy

63%
Bochnak T., Czarnecka K.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2019
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vol. LXX
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issue 70
105-127
EN
From the accidently discovered “grave I” from Łęg Piekarski (Turek County, Poland) comes a unique bronze bowl with a perforated wall and an enamelled, zoomorphic spout, which finds analogies among the Late Celtic vessels from the British Isles. A re-analysis, which took into account the increase in the reference material, made it possible to present a new interpretation of this unusual find, both in regard to its form and supposed use. The strainer and spout suggest that the vessel might have been used to prepare herbal infusions. We do not know if it was used in this manner in the territory of the Przeworsk Culture.
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