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1

Stan i perspektywy konserwacji drewna zabytkowego

100%

Ważny J.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1991

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issue 2

79-83

EN

The technical state of wooden monuments in Poland deteriorates at a terrifying tempo. Lack of conservation is the reason why relics suffer from a high moisture content w hich is followed by a whole complex of agencies — both biotic and abiotic. The participation of bacteria, moulds, soft rot fungi, lichen and algae is growing among factors which produce the degradation of wood. In this situation, the choice of wood preservatives should take into consideration the reaction of those organisms. At the threshold of the twenty first century we are faced with the problem of a selection of chemical protective measures and the elimination of ones regarded by the health authorities as harmful for the environment. The role of stabilizing and hardening chemicals, other than biocides, as well as non-chemical methods of protection is rapidly growing.

2

Badanie wpływu impregnacji Vinoflexem MP-400 na właściwości techniczne drewna wystroju rzeźbiarskiego wież pałacu w Wilanowie

100%

Ważny J.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

1970

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issue 2

83-88

EN

Investigations were carried out of technical properties possessed by wood carvings forming the parts of adornments in towers of Royal Palace at Wilanów. The wood material of these carvings has been seriously destroyed as result of weather action (s.c. “w ea th e ring”) and also owing to development of three species of fungi, finally due to damages caused by insects which all the above factors considerably deteriorated their technical properties. Already the saturation of wood from which the carvtings were made with synthetic resin “Vinoflex MP-400” with a simultaneous application of negative pressure apparently improved its technical properties. Highly satisfactory results have been obtained for wood material damaged by weathering in superficial layers as w e ll as for that showing the medium degree of destruction by fungi. However, the carvings showing more serious damages, although a considerable degree of improvement as to their technical properties has been observed, differed substantially as to the lev e l compared with that of values characteristic for unaffected wood. In result of saturation with “Vinoflex MP-400” an essential reduction o f wood permeability and hygroscopicity has been achieved but both the improvement of its hardness and heightening of crushing strength was accompanied by an increase of specific weight. In several samples the above properties were nearing those characteristic for unaffected wood or even better.

3

Współczesne poglądy na rozkład drewna w obiektach zabytkowych

100%

Ważny J.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1968

|

issue 1

17-20

FR

La destruction du bois résulte de l’action de divers facteurs que l’on divise généralement en 4 groupes suivants: 1. Les facteurs physico-chimiques tels que: action des forces mécaniques (frottement, compression, traction) provoquent la destruction du bois, 2 Les facteurs physico-chimiques — lumière (ultraviolet), hautes températures, radiation des isotopes — entraînent la décomposition du bois. 3. Les facteurs chimiques — acides, alcalins — provoquent la décomposition du bois. 4. Les facteurs biologiques — insectes, détruisent le bois, les bactéries et les champignons lignivores provoquent la décomposition du bois. Dans la décomposition du bois causée par les champignons lignivores, on distingue les types suivants: 1. La pourriture brunâtre apparaît à l’issue d’un processus de l’hydrolyse de la cellulose et des hemicelluloses provoqué par les enzymes du type hydrolaz. Le produit final de ce processus est la glucose assimilée par les champignons lignivores. Le bois se détériore en cales prysmatiques, il devient mou et fragile. En même temps des changements anatomiques surviennent dans la structure du bois. , 2. La pourriture claire homogène consiste en une hydrolyse et une oxydation de tous les éléments du bois notamment des hydrates de carbone, de la lignine provoquée par les enzymes dégagés par les champignons lignivores. En résultat de ce processus le bois devient de plus en plus clair, parfois même blanc et se détériore en morceaux le long des couches annuelles. 3. La pourriture caviteuse claire. Dans le bois se produisent les mêmes changements chimiques que dans celles de la pourriture claire homogène avec cette différence qu’elles se concentrent seulement en certains points formant une cavité creuse dans le tissu du bois. 4. Moisissure. Des filaments de champignons lignivores pénètrent directement dans la membrane cellulaire, dissolvant la substance des parois cellulaires par l’hydrolyse des hydrates de carbone. Les cavernes qui se forment ainsi deviennent de plus en plus nombreuses et s’unissent les unes aux autres. Dans un milieu humide où ces champignons lignivores apparaissent le plus fréquemment le bois se couvre d’une couche tenue et molle, brune et noirâtre soit grisâtre, qui ne se fend qu’en séchant. La profondeur de la décomposition n’est pas très grande en général, mais parfois il arrive que l’infection des champignons lignivores atteint juisqu’à quelques centimètres de profondeur. Entre la zone attaquée et la zone saine apparaît une limite assez visible, ce qui n’a jamais été observé lorsqu’il s’agit d’autres genres de décomposition. La moisissure est provoquée par les champignons lignivores de la classe des Ascomyeètes, par contre les autres types de décomposition sont provoqués par les champignons lignivores basides — Basidiomycètes.

4

Dr inż. Michał Czajnik (1921-1981)

88%

Ważny J.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1981

|

issue 3-4

216

5

40 lat w służbie ochrony zabytkowego drewna

75%

Ważny J.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1991

|

issue 4

301-302

6

NIEKTÓRE PROBLEMY WYSTĘPUJĄCE PRZY KONSERWACJI ZABYTKOWYCH BUDYNKÓW NA TERENIE CYTADELI W HUE W WIETNAMIE

63%

Krajewski A., Ważny J.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1999

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issue 4

450-459

EN

In December 1996 – March 1997, the State Enterprise: the Ateliers for the Conservation of Historical Monuments conducted work in the The Mieu temple and the Ta Vu pavilion in Hue (Central Vietnam). The authors outlined the scale of conservation problems caused by the size of the Citadel in Hue as well as enormous wartime devastation and post–war neglect. The article discusses difficulties connected with specific climatic conditions, material, the rapid succession of vegetation (including trees and shrubs) and traditional architectonic solutions, conducive for the biodegradation of buildings. The authors consider assorted species of fungi (Serpula lacrymans, Poria medullaris, Phlebiopsis gigantae, Antrodia serialis, Peniophora purpurea, - Gloeophyllum trabeum, Pholiota adiposa, Schizophyllum commune and Trichoderma viridae) and insects, especially termites (Odontotermes hainanensis and Coptotermes formosanus), harmful for timber.

7

Badanie skuteczności fungicydów przeciwko grzybom powodującym degradację papieru : część I : przegląd metodyki

63%

Rudniewski P., Ważny J.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1997

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issue 3

294-299

EN

The use of chemical agents against microorganisms causing damage to the paper of historical objects requires tests of their effectiveness. The evaluation of such effectiveness attaches essential importance to the selection of methods and the employment of objective criteria for the assessment of the outcome of studies. The authors conducted the review of methods used in examining the value of fungicides both on a natural base and in the case of artificial culture.

8

Profesor Franciszek Krzysik (1902-1980)

63%

Czajnik M., Ważny J.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

1981

|

issue 3-4

215

9

Naturalna trwałość drewna lim (Erythrophleum fordi Oliv.) i kien (Hopea pierrei Chance), materiału konstrukcyjnego zabytkowych budynków w Hue

63%

Krajewski A., Ważny J.

Ochrona Zabytków

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2002

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issue 2

207-213

EN

The authors established species of fungi damaging timber used in the historical buildings located within the citadel in Hue (Central Vietnam): Serpula la c ry tn an s (Wulf.: Fr.) Schroet., Poria m e d u lla ris S. F. Gray, P h leb io p sis g ig an ta e (Fr.) Jünlich, A n tro d ia se rialis (Fr.) Donk, P eniophora p u rp u rne Bres., G lo e lo p h y llum tra b eum (Pers.: Fr.) Murr, P h o lio ta a d ip o za Fr., S ch izo p h y llum c om m u n e Fr., and T ricboderma v irid e Persoon ex S. F. Gray. The article discusses damage and incorrect construction solutions which contributed to the extensive development of fungi in conditions created by the extremely humid and warm climate of Vietnam. Studies pertained to the resistance of the he a rt-w o o d of contemporary and nineteenth-century E r y th ro p h leum fo rd i Oliv, and H o p e a pierrei Chanse upon disintegration caused by Serpula la c r ym a n s (brown timber disintegration), Tramete s v e r sic o lo r (L.) Pil. (white timber disintegration) and Trich o d e rm a v irid e (grey timber disintegration). The employed background is composed of the heartwood of the European oak (Querqus sp.). It was found that E r y th ro p h leum fo rd i Oliv., even about a hundred and fifty years-old, comprises splendid construction material, extremely resilient to disintegration produced by fungi. Contemporary H o p e a pierrei Chanse is also resistant to biodégradation. Nonetheless, nineteenth-century H o p e a p ie rre i Chanse is less resilient to fungi-caused disintegration than E r y th ro p h leum fo rd i Oliv.

10

XVI Sympozjum Ochrony Drewna, Rogów, 22-24 września 1992 r.

63%

Ważny J.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

1993

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issue 2

198-200

11

Instrumentalna metoda oznaczania skuteczności środków ochrony drewna przed pleśnieniem

51%

Ważny J., Krajewski K. J., Rudniewski P., Ważny T.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1991

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issue 4

260-269

EN

The conducted research concerned the preparation of an instrumental method for the measurement of the fungitoxic value of wood preservatives against mould which could replace the heretofore applied subjective visual method. The measurement of light reflection with Zeiss photometres (Leukometers) and Zeiss Spekol 10 spectrometers with the Rd/0 reflectance adapter was treated as a new criterion of effectiveness. The method was tested on two fungicides: natrium pentochlorophenate and the WR-3 quoternary ammonium compound, used on samples of pine and birch wood. The results obtained with the method were better than those in the case of the visual method, albeit proved to be more time consuming. The proposed method appears to be useful for the elimination of subjective difficulties in the estimation of mould growth on the surface of the given wood, and hence for the estimation of the effectiveness of wood preservatives.

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Stan i perspektywy konserwacji drewna zabytkowego

Badanie wpływu impregnacji Vinoflexem MP-400 na właściwości techniczne drewna wystroju rzeźbiarskiego wież pałacu w Wilanowie

Współczesne poglądy na rozkład drewna w obiektach zabytkowych

Dr inż. Michał Czajnik (1921-1981)

40 lat w służbie ochrony zabytkowego drewna

NIEKTÓRE PROBLEMY WYSTĘPUJĄCE PRZY KONSERWACJI ZABYTKOWYCH BUDYNKÓW NA TERENIE CYTADELI W HUE W WIETNAMIE

Badanie skuteczności fungicydów przeciwko grzybom powodującym degradację papieru : część I : przegląd metodyki

Profesor Franciszek Krzysik (1902-1980)

Naturalna trwałość drewna lim (Erythrophleum fordi Oliv.) i kien (Hopea pierrei Chance), materiału konstrukcyjnego zabytkowych budynków w Hue

XVI Sympozjum Ochrony Drewna, Rogów, 22-24 września 1992 r.

Instrumentalna metoda oznaczania skuteczności środków ochrony drewna przed pleśnieniem