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1
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Polityka podatkowa na rozdrożu – wokół podatku bankowego w Polsce

100%
Gajewski D.
Studia z Polityki Publicznej
|
2016
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vol. 3
|
issue 2(10)
65-87
EN
The author analyses the design and imposition of the bank levy that came into effect on the 1st of February 2016 both from the economic and legal perspective. The author portrays its origin as well as the main solutions. The risks connected with their implementation involving the capacity to collect the tax are outlined. The author also presents the development of the design of taxation of the banking sector in Poland in the past dozen or more years. The author conducts a comparative analysis of the various tax designs that prove effective in many E.U. Member States. This allows to show the similarities and tell the differences between the various state-specific designs and the ones adopted in Poland. The paper is also concerned with the consequences that the bank levy might bring about in Poland. The author postulates that the analysis of its design flaws makes it possible to evade taxation. The author puts forward alternative concepts, which would make the provisions of the law more precise. The bank levy applicable in Poland has also been subject to an in-depth analysis in the context of tax avoidance.
PL
Autor analizuje proces projektowania i wdrażania podatku bankowego wprowadzonego 1 lutego 2016r., zarówno z punktu widzenia ekonomicznego, jak i prawnego. Przedstawia jego genezę i główne rozwiązania. Wskazuje na ryzyko związane z ich implementacją, w tym na zdolność do egzekucji podatku. Prezentuje także proces kształtowania się koncepcji opodatkowania sektora bankowego w Polsce w ostatnich latach. Porównuje rozwiązania konstrukcyjne podatku zastosowane w poszczególnych państwach. Pozwala to dostrzec różnice i podobieństwa między narodowymi rozwiązaniami, w tym polskimi. Analizuje również skutki, jakie może wywołać wprowadzenie podatku bankowego w Polsce. Stawia tezę, która głosi, że ma on istotne wady konstrukcyjne, mogące sprzyjać unikaniu opodatkowania. Przedstawia alternatywne koncepcje, które pozwoliłyby ominąć tak zwane niezamierzone konsekwencje funkcjonowania wadliwych przepisów. Autor analizuje podatek bankowy również przez pryzmat zjawiska unikania opodatkowania.
2

Zasada sprawiedliwości a opodatkowanie holdingów

100%
Gajewski D.
Kwartalnik Prawa Podatkowego
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2011
|
issue 3
55-64
EN
The article deals with the analysis of the taxation of holdings in the context of the one of the fundamental principles- i.e. the principle of justice. In Poland the taxation of holdings may be organized according to general standards or by forming a tax capital group. Depending on the choice of the option, a holding will buy or not the subject to taxation and its situation will substantially differ. The principle of justice is directly connected with the principle of uniformity, universality of taxation, payment capacity. Thus, the article presents the analysis of these principles vs. the diverse status of holdings.
3
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30 lat podatku dochodowego od osób prawnych w Polsce a sądownictwo administracyjne – perspektywa ekonomiczna

100%
Gajewski D.
Doradztwo Podatkowe Biuletyn Instytutu Studiów Podatkowych
|
2022
|
vol. 10(314)
9-14
EN
The purpose of this Article is to provide – with the aid of analysis of statistical data – a concise review of key issues related to burdening administrative courts with CIT cases and handling of those cases. The collected data suggest that in line with the fiscal importance of CIT, complaints concerning corporate income tax remain relatively relevant (although not the largest) group of tax cases considered by administrative courts. The frequency of legislative changes is also an important issue since it may effectively preclude taxpayers from familiarizing themselves with the normative texts on an ongoing basis. The 30th anniversary of the introduction of CIT offers an opportunity for an in-depth inspection of whether the current solutions are well-fitted to the economic reality and the structure of the economic market.
PL
Streszczenie Celem niniejszego artykułu jest dokonanie syntetycznego, wspartego analizą danych statystycznych, przeglądu kluczowych zagadnień związanych z obciążeniem sądów administracyjnych sprawami z zakresu podatku dochodowego od osób prawnych (dalej: CIT1). Zgromadzone dane sugerują, że z uwagi na znaczenie fiskalne CIT skargi dotyczące tego podatku są relatywnie istotną (choć nie najliczniejszą) grupą spraw podatkowych rozpoznawanych przez sądy administracyjne. Ważnym zagadnieniem jest również częstotliwość zmian legislacyjnych, która może efektywnie wykluczać bieżące zapoznawanie się podatników z tekstem normatywnym. 30. rocznica wprowadzenia CIT w Polsce stanowi okazję do pogłębionego przeglądu adekwatności obecnych rozwiązań do realiów ekonomicznych i struktury rynku gospodarczego.
4
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Tax Sparing Credit Clauses and Advance Pricing Agreements as Important Instruments for Tax Optimization

100%
Gajewski D.
Financial Law Review
|
2018
|
vol. 12
|
issue 4
17-27
EN
The article is devoted to instruments used by international holding companies in their tax optimization strategies. Some of the most commonly adopted instruments include: tax sparing credit clauses and advance pricing agreements. They are particularly frequently used by related entities operating on the territory of the European Union. The article presents an analysis of these constructions with particular indication of tax effects that have a significant influence on reduction of tax liabilities of related entities operating in various residences for tax purposes. The author demonstrates how these instruments can be adopted in various ways, which are often extremely different from the legislator's intention.
5
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Polityka podatkowa państw członkowskich Unii Europejskiej w świetle polityki publicznej

100%
Gajewski D.
Studia z Polityki Publicznej
|
2014
|
vol. 1
|
issue 3(3)
83-93
EN
The following publication elaborates on the notion of international tax competition and international tax avoidance in the light of cross-border public policy. In terms of intercommunity relations, tax competition may be defined as a phenomenon consisting in application of various tax instruments for the purpose of developing a state's economy and prosperity by means of increasing competitiveness of the domestic business activity or attracting foreign investments. Tax competition is a natural consequence of the processes of globalization since in the reality of growing business interrelations, tax considerations exert more and more influence over investment decisions of holding companies. It reveals the dissonance between the interests of the particular member states in the EU and the interest of the European Union as a whole. Usually it is difficult to mark the border between a harmful and an advantageous tax competition.
PL
Przedmiotem publikacji jest problematyka związana z międzynarodową konkurencją podatkową i międzynarodowym unikaniem opodatkowania w kontekście polityki publicznej. W stosunkach wewnątrzwspólnotowych, konkurencję podatkową należy uznać za zjawisko polegające na wykorzystywaniu różnych instrumentów techniki podatkowej dla rozwijania krajowej gospodarki i dobrobytu poprzez zwiększanie konkurencyjności rodzimej działalności gospodarczej lub przyciąganie inwestycji zagranicznych. Konkurencja podatkowa jest naturalną konsekwencją procesów globalizacji, gdyż w świecie rosnących ekonomicznych współzależności opodatkowanie wywiera coraz większy wpływ na decyzje inwestycyjne holdingów. Stanowi ona wyraz rozdźwięku między interesami pojedynczego państwa Unii Europejskiej a interesem całej Unii Europejskiej. Najczęściej granica pomiędzy szkodliwą a korzystną konkurencją podatkową jest trudna do wyznaczenia.
6
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Tax Sparing Credit Clauses and Advance Pricing Agreements as Important Instruments for Tax Optimization

100%
Gajewski D.
Financial Law Review
|
2018
|
vol. 12
|
issue 4
17-27
EN
The article is devoted to instruments used by international holding companies in their tax optimization strategies. Some of the most commonly adopted instruments include: tax sparing credit clauses and advance pricing agreements. They are particularly frequently used by related entities operating on the territory of the European Union. The article presents an analysis of these constructions with particular indication of tax effects that have a significant influence on reduction of tax liabilities of related entities operating in various residences for tax purposes. The author demonstrates how these instruments can be adopted in various ways, which are often extremely different from the legislator's intention.
7
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Regulatory impact assessments (Ria) As an input in tax law interpretation: Analysis of the administrative courts verdicts

63%
Gajewski D., Joński K.
Financial Law Review
|
2022
|
vol. 28
|
issue 4
33-41
EN
The goal of this paper is to empirically examine the role of Regulatory Impact Assessments (RIAs) accompanying draft laws submitted by the Council of the Ministers as an input in purpose-oriented interpretation of tax law, carried out by Polish Administrative Courts. To this end, full-text database of the universe of Administrative Courts verdicts (CBOIS) had been queried in order to uncover all court decisions issued from Jan 1st 2001 to Dec 31st 2022 and mentioning RIAs in their written motives. All in all 14 decisions of SAC and 39 decisions of FIACs had been located – the result that can be interpreted as an evidence of scant use of RIA as an input for statutory interpretation of the tax law. Qualitative analysis reported in the paper illustrates what sort of information had been recovered by justices from RIA. Results suggest that potential offered by RIA’s coverage of ‘lawmaker’s intent’ is still not fully utilized in the process of tax law interpretation. However, any reliance on this sort of documents have to be accompanied with critical analysis of their quality and role in lawmaking process. Conditional forecasts (what impact is reasonably expected) should not be mistaken with statements of the intent (what impact is desired). Moreover, perfunctory RIA, prepared as part of window-dressing exercise, not genuine analysis underpinning the decision-making process, could turned out misleading.
8
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Content available

30 lat podatku dochodowego od osób fizycznych w Polsce a sądownictwo administracyjne: perspektywa ekonomiczna

63%
Gajewski D., Joński K.
Doradztwo Podatkowe Biuletyn Instytutu Studiów Podatkowych
|
2021
|
vol. 8(300)
4-10
EN
The goal of the paper is to present synthetic, data-driven review of key aspects of adjudicating PIT-related cases by Polish Administrative Courts. Collected data indicates that – in line with fiscal importance and scope (20-million taxpayers submitting annually their income tax returns) – PIT-related cases accounts for substantial share of taxation cases adjudicated by the Administrative Courts. It seems that frequency of amendments precluding effective familiarization with relevant law amplifies the effect. 30th anniversary of PIT introduction provides opportunity for through review of its suitability to the current economic and labor market structure.
PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest dokonanie syntetycznego, wspartego analizą danych statystycznych, przeglądu kluczowych zagadnień związanych z obciążeniem sądów administracyjnych sprawami dotyczącymi PIT oraz ich rozpoznawaniem. Zgromadzone dane sugerują, że zgodnie ze znaczeniem fiskalnym PIT – oraz sięgającą dwudziestu milionów liczbą osób składających co roku zeznania podatkowe – skargi dotyczące podatku dochodowego od osób fizycznych pozostają relatywnie liczną grupą spraw podatkowych rozpoznawanych przez sądy administracyjne. Kwestie wydaje się potęgować częstotliwość zmian legislacyjnych, efektywnie wykluczająca bieżące zapoznawanie się podatników z tekstem normatywnym. Trzydziesta rocznica wprowadzenia PIT stanowi okazję do pogłębionego przeglądu adekwatności obecnych rozwiązań do realiów ekonomicznych i struktury rynku pracy.
9
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Regulatory impact assessments (Ria) As an input in tax law interpretation: Analysis of the administrative courts verdicts

63%
Gajewski D., Joński K.
Financial Law Review
|
2022
|
vol. 28
|
issue 4
33-41
EN
The goal of this paper is to empirically examine the role of Regulatory Impact Assessments (RIAs) accompanying draft laws submitted by the Council of the Ministers as an input in purpose-oriented interpretation of tax law, carried out by Polish Administrative Courts. To this end, full-text database of the universe of Administrative Courts verdicts (CBOIS) had been queried in order to uncover all court decisions issued from Jan 1st 2001 to Dec 31st 2022 and mentioning RIAs in their written motives. All in all 14 decisions of SAC and 39 decisions of FIACs had been located – the result that can be interpreted as an evidence of scant use of RIA as an input for statutory interpretation of the tax law. Qualitative analysis reported in the paper illustrates what sort of information had been recovered by justices from RIA. Results suggest that potential offered by RIA’s coverage of ‘lawmaker’s intent’ is still not fully utilized in the process of tax law interpretation. However, any reliance on this sort of documents have to be accompanied with critical analysis of their quality and role in lawmaking process. Conditional forecasts (what impact is reasonably expected) should not be mistaken with statements of the intent (what impact is desired). Moreover, perfunctory RIA, prepared as part of window-dressing exercise, not genuine analysis underpinning the decision-making process, could turned out misleading.
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