Full-text resources of CEJSH and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

Results found: 20

first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last

Search results

help Sort By:

help Limit search:
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
RU
18. Съезд был великим событием в политической жизни Китая. Он имел тоже большое влияние на общемировую политику. Это последствие динамического развития экономики и модернизации Китая, особенно в течение последних 35 лет, когда Китай составил вторую экономику мира. Это влияло тоже на возвышение места и роли КНР на международном уровне. Главный тезис 18. Съезда это концепция научного развития. Ведущей политической и идеологической силой Китая является КПК. Социально-классовый характер современной КПК, её социально-классовый состав, её новое руководство, эволюция КПК от рабочей партии через крестьянскую к общенародной партии, будущее социализма в Китае – это основные проблемы, которые были затронуты в настоящей статье.
EN
The 18. Congress of CPC (November 2012) was a great event in the political life of China and it had the influence on the world policy. It is reult of dynamic uprising of the economy and modernisation in China after last moree 35 years (second economy), also the position and rolle of PR of China in the international life. The main idea of 18. Congress is the conception of scientific development. The political and ideological force of China is CPC. What is a class-social character of contemporal CPC, its social-class composition, its new leaders, what was the CPC evolution from working class party through peasant party to allnational party, it`s the main questions of papers. The last problem is the prospect of socialism in China.
RU
Основным вопросом статьи является анализ противоречий Китая на фоне характера и изменений современной эпохи. В 2016 году Китай приступил к реализации 1З-ого пятилетнего плана (2016–2020), предполагая в рамках «нормальной экономии» замедление темпов роста РКВ (отечественного продукта брутто) к 6,5–7% ежегодно. В 2020 году РКВ Китая должно насчитывать 80 биллионов юаней (12,5 биллионов долларов США, а с точки зрения покупательной силы юаня около 18,75 биллионов долларов). Замедление темпов роста и мировой кризис стали причиной повышения общественных и политических напряжений так внутри страны, как и на международной арене. Си Цзиньпин (Хi Jinping) лидер Коммунистической партии Китая сказал в в июле 2016 года в Пекине, что «Марксизм должен быть основным принципом и указателем. Иначе партия могла бы потерять свою душу и направление в сталкновении с общеественно-экономическим развитием Китая в годы 2016–2020». Это доказывает глубокую заботу лидера партии о её дальнейшей судьбе. Другими проблемами являются: влияние рыночной экономики на классово-професиональную структуру КПК, изменения классового характера КПК, главные угрозы для Китая и перспективы его дальнейшего развития.
EN
The main thesis of article is the analyse of the Chinese contradictions on the characteristic and changes of contemporary epoch. PR China started at 2016 to 13. 5-year socio-economic plan in new “normal economy”. The Chinese GDP at 2020 should reach 80 bin yuan, it’s about 18,75 bin US dol. counted in purchase power of yuan. The slower economic growth and world financial crisis influenced on the social and political tensions in China and on the international area. Xi Jinping – leader of CPC declared at July 2016 in Beijing: “Marxism should be fundamental principle and guiding sign. Otherwise the Party can lose it soul and direction in the confrontation to the Chinese socio-economic development at 2016–2020.” Its demonstrated his deep anxiety with reference its future. Other questions of article are the influence of the socialist market economy on the socio-class structure of CPC, the changes of the class character of CPC, the main threats for China and perspective its development.
EN
The aim of this article is to analyse Communist Party of Poland as the party of Polish proletariat, working class that represents also the interests of other Polish working peoples. Emphasis is placed The strategy of CPP is like other communist parties, socialist revolution, socialism and in the further time communism. The CPP is based in its struggle on the theory of Marxism-Leninism and the progressive tradition of the building of socialism in former People’s Republic Poland.
EN
The subject of the analysis is the development of program and organizational changes in recent decades in Communist Party of China. In particular, the international context and potential opportunities for international cooperation of communist parties and the creation of a new global organization are considered. The publication also considers the historical background of the functioning of the Communist International. It is stated that Communist Party of China possess own independent way of building of socialism. Article main conclusion is that international communist movement should change its relations with the Communist Party of China and cooperate together.
5
100%
RU
Статья представляет место и воинскую и политико-идеологическую роль польских правых - реакционных партизан за годы 1944-1948, отождествляемой, главным образом с Национальными вооружёнными силами, называемыми «солдаты отлучённые» т.е. отброшенные. Одновременно большая часть польского общества называет их «солдаты проклятые», в чём проявляется классово-политический подход и решительно отрицательная оценка. В данный момент партизанские отряды представляются реакционными правыми, во главе с партией Право и Справедливость (ПиС), как «непреклонные солдаты », которые после окончания войны с немцами не сдали оружие и боролись против народно- демократической Польши. Во время немецкой оккупации боролись с польскими и советскими левыми отрядами, а даже допускались коллаборационизма с оккупантом, как на пример Свентокшиска бригада Национальных вооружённых сил. Оценивается, что от их рук погибло около 20 тысяч деятелей левых партий, государственных и муниципальных служащих. Сегодня, режимный пропагандистский аппарат (IPN - Институт народной памяти) признаёт их новыми героями, что является большой исторической фальшью, основательным мифом правительства реакционных правых в Польше, как один из фундаментов основывающейся т.н. IV Речи Посполитой. В 1944-1945 г. в Польше основательно изменилось военное и политическое положение в итоге освобождения польских земель Советской армией и возрождённым Войском Польским. В итоге деятельности Польского комитета национального освобождения (ПКНО) наступали быстрые революционные перемены, как аграрная реформа, демократизация государственного аппарата, укрепление сил общественного прогресса. В декабре 1944 года возникло Временное правительство, а в июне 1945 года Временное правительство народного единства, признанное тоже западными державами и почти всеми странами мира. С тех пор правительство в Варшаве имело не только революционное и политическое полномочие, но тоже международно-правовое, чтобы бороться государственно-правовыми мерами с вооружённым подпольем, которое «отлучённых» изменило в грабительские, террористические банды. Вместе с укреплением сил польских левых, теряли они значение, особенно после референдума в 1946 году и выборов в законодательный Сейм в 1947, и после амнистии в 1947 годy. Национальные вооружённые силы в годы 1944-1948 запечатлелись в памяти, не как «солдаты отлучённые», а как «проклятые», которые пользовались террором по отношению к гражданам. Стремились к дестабилизации Польши и к третьей мировой войне а тоже пытались перечеркнуть великие политико-государственные достижения, которых польский народ, а особенно рабочий класс, добились вместе с возникновением и дальнейшим развитием Народной Польши.
EN
This article presents the place, as well as political and military role of the Polish reactionary guerilla in 1944-1948, identified mainly with the National Army Forces (NSZ), named colloquially as „cursed soldiers”. The great part of the Polish people uses, however, the cathegory of „damned soldiers”, which casts the political class and ascribes negative evaluation to this unit. The civil war and the reactionary querilla in the 1940s years are now presented by the reactionary right forces such as the party „Law and Justice” (PiS) as the „inflexible soldiers”, which did not surrender after the War World II and they battled against the People’s Republic of Poland. Under the German occupation they struggled against Polish leftand Soviet parisants and were also collaborating with the Wehrmacht and Gestapo (the Saint Cross Brigade of the NSZ). After WW II they murdered about 20.000 activists and functionaries of leftist political parties, of the state and local governments. Currently, they are presented as new heroes, which is a great historical lie, which established the new ideologic-political myth of the reactionary right forces in Poland as a fundament of the IV Polish Republic. In 1944-1945, Poland decided to chang the military and political situation in the result of liberation from German occupation by the Red Army and the Polish Army. In July, there was established the Polish Committee of the National Liberation, which introduced the people’s democracy, the agrar reform and the social progress. In December 1944, there was founded the Provisionally Government and in June 1945 the Provisionally Government of the National Unity, which were internationally acknowledged by all great powers and states of world. Since then, the Warsaw government had not only revolutionary and political mandate, but also international support to consquently eliminate the military underground („cursed”), which later changed in the terrorist-plunder gangs. At that time, they lost former glory and political authority, especially after the referndum in 1946, the parliamentary election in 1947, and after the amnesty of 1947, which strengthened the current leftin Poland. The National Armed Forces (NSZ) which operated in 1944-1948 are remembered by Poles not as the „cursed soldiers”, but as the „damned soldiers”, who used terror against the civilian people and introduced in Poland the political destabilization and wanted to provoke the III World War. They were armed conterrevolutionists, who buttled against the people’s, democracy and the political power of the working class. They were against new born Polish People’s Republic.
Nowa Krytyka
|
2015
|
issue 34
177-207
EN
The collapse of „"real socialism”" in b. The USSR and European countries in the 90s of the twentieth century strengthened the counter-revolution, global capitalism and imperialism. Capitalism has entered the era of globalization and subsequent crises that overcomes in Europe through integration, while globally by a new wars. The contradictions of the capitalist, big unemployment, crises, wars and class antagonisms between the bourgeoisie (oligarchy) and the proletariat (prekariatem), the imperialist states and the countries of the so-called. 3rd world contribute to the growth of anti-capitalist forces, including the international communist movement and the search for a new intake of scientific socialism -– suitable for the conditions of the knowledge society, globalization and the contradictions of the 21st century. In China and Cuba created new theories which Marxism matched to local conditions for growth. In the international communist movement takes place a multilateral discussion on contemporary Marxism and socialism of the XXI century. The basic problem is to define the main force of the revolutionary, socialist market economy, diversity and unity of the communist movement, the possibility of unity and cooperation communists, socialists and social democrats.
PL
Chiny w poprzednich 10 latach osiągnęły wielki rozwój ekonomiczny, mierzony wielkością PKB, w 2002 r. 1 237 mld dol. amerykańskich, w 2011 r. 8 251 mld dol. Plany na następne 10 lat, mimo światowego kryzysu gospodarczego, przewidują jego podwojenie. KPCh poświęca wiele uwagi zwalczaniu korupcji kryminalnej i politycznej, w szczególności w 2012 r. głośna była sprawa Bo Xilaia – byłego członka KC i Biura Politycznego KPCh. Współczesna globalizacja otwiera nowe możliwości zwiększenia roli Chin w gospodarce światowej i polityce, szczególnie w Azji, gdzie znacząca jest rola ASEANU, BRICS. Artykuł przedstawia główne ekonomiczne, społeczne oraz polityczne sprzeczności Chin i możliwości ich rozwiązania w drodze reform.
EN
The meaning of the 18th Congress of the CPC for China China, over the past 10 years, has undergone a considerable economic growth, measured with GDP, in 2002 – $ 1236 bln, in 2011 – $ 8251 bln. It is assumed that, despite the world economic crisis, the growth will double in the next 10 years. CPC devotes a lot of attention to fight the criminal and political corruption – in 2012, there was a big case of Bo Xilaia – former member of Central Committee and Political Bureau of the CPC. Modern globalization offers new opportunities to increase the significance of China in the world economy and politics, especially in Asia, the role of ASEANU, BRICS. The main economic, social and political contradictions of China and the possibilities to settle them in the course of reforms.
Nowa Krytyka
|
2012
|
issue 29
147-173
EN
Fully explanation and understanding of essence of “Chinese Marxism” and of “Socialism with the Chinese characteristics” and also of the development of contemporary China’s is possible thanks to exploit of Marxist theory and methodology, especially of historic and dialectical materialism. The PR China is since over 60 years the socialist state, which build up the bases of the socialism and communism. The leadership of this construction is Communist Party of China., The history of contemporary China’s is divided for two 30 years: 1.1949-1976 was under great influence of the leadership of Mao Zedong, who had leaded in the introduction of the national, anticapitalist and socialist revolution and in the construction of the bases of socialism. Mao in this time also developed Marxism-Leninism to the Chinese historical, socio-economic and culture conditions, which was also a Sinicization of Marxism under name Maoism. Mao became in the first stage of his theoretical and practical activity many helps from Soviet socialism and from Communist International, from Marxism-Leninism, but he also had underlining the separately road of Chinese revolution and national characteristics. 2.Stage (1978-2012) was a result of the theoretic and praxis activity of Deng Xiaoping and next generations of Chinese Marxists, especially Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao, what resulted in Theory of Deng and Theory of 3 represents, which were next stages of the Sinicization of Marxism.The main categories of this are socialist market economy, harmonious society, socialism with the Chinese characteristcs and others.
RU
Война в Украине продолжается уже больше года и нет никаких признаков того, что она скоро закончится. Eё причины очень сложны. Одним из них стала победа контрреволюции и падение социализма, а затем и распад бывшего Советского Союза в декабре 1991 года. Тогда были созданы 15 независимых (в разной степени) республик – их распад произошел не только идеологически и политически, но и экономически. Во многих из них возникли или возродились национализмы, в том числе религиозные, что затронуло не только основные бывшие союзные республики, но и многочисленные национальные меньшинства, в частности в странах Балтии, Кавказа и Поволжья. Некоторые из них переросли в локальные войны. Важную роль в распаде стран бывшего Советского Союза и ослаблении Российской Федерации сыграли внешние силы, империалистические страны, главным образом США, некоторые европейские страны, НАТО в целом, а также соперничающий с Россией Евросоюз и другие силы международного капитала. Война в Украине имеет более глубокие причины, и если Россия потерпит неудачу, это будет иметь дальнейшие неблагоприятные последствия для неё как великой державы и может даже стать началом её распада. Отсюда полная решимость правящих Россией сил добиться победы. При этом Украина пользуется поддержкой всего «глобального Запада» во главе с США, НАТО и Евросоюзом. Войне предшествовали многочисленные нарастающие противоречия и сопутствующие им конфликты. В 2004 году приняли они форму «Оранжевой революции», дальше «Революция достоинства», переворота на Майдане, а в конце концов провозглашения независимости Крыма, Донецкой и Луганской республик в 2014 году. Прошло еще восемь лет, прежде чем конфликт перерос в настоящую войну, хотя официально Россия до сих пор определяет её как «специальную военную операцию».
EN
The war in Ukraine has been going on for more than a year now and there is no indication that it will end soon. The causes of its outbreak are very complex. One of them was the victory of the counter-revolution and the collapse of socialism, followed by the collapse of the former Soviet Union in December 1991. At that time, fifteen independent republics were established to varying degrees – their disintegration took place not only ideologically and politically, but also economically. In many of them, nationalisms arose or were revived, including those based on religion, which included not only the main former union republics, but also numerous national minorities, particularly the Baltic states, the Caucasus, and the Volga region. Some of them turned into local wars. An important role in the disintegration of the countries of the former Soviet Union and the weakening of the Russian Federation was played by external forces, imperialist states, mainly the US, some European countries, NATO in general, and the rivalling with Russia European Union and other forces of international capital. The war in Ukraine has deeper causes, and in case of Russia’s defeat, it will have further adverse consequences for it as a great power, and may even become the beginning of its disintegration. Hence, the result is the full determination of the Russian ruling forces to achieve victory. At the same time, Ukraine enjoys the support of the entire „global West”, led by the US, NATO, and the European Union. The war was preceded by numerous growing contradictions and accompanying conflicts, which took the form of the ‚Orange Revolution’ in 2004, the so-called Revolution of Dignity and the Maidan coup, the declaration of independence by Crimea and the Donetsk and Luhansk Republics in 2014. It took another eight years for the conflict to escalate into a full-blown war, although Russia officially still defines it as a „special military operation”.
Nowa Krytyka
|
2017
|
issue 38
217 – 234
EN
Report from The Second International Conference on Marxism and Socialism in the 21st Century, Wuhan, China.
RU
Сотрудничество польских и чешских коммунистов в Судетском пограничье продолжалось многие годы и имело различные этапы и интенсивность. Наиболее разнообразным и массовым было в период Польской Народной Республики и социалистической Чехословакии, когда оно включало не только отдельные и семейные контакты, но также массовое сотрудничество – рабочие места, школы, университеты и другие колледжи, органы местного самоуправления и многочисленные общественные организации. Сотрудничество способствовало разрушению многочисленных (зачастую негативных) стереотипов среди поляков и чехов. После введения военного положения в Польше, оно развалилось, но когда произошли политические изменения, то границы стали снова открыты. Сегодня оно уже не так массовое и организованное, преобладают индивидуальные, иногда семейные контакты, процветает приграничная торговля, например, чехи часто приезжают на рынки в Кудове, Клодзко и т. д. Поляки, с другой стороны, готовы работать на близлежащих и дальних чешских рабочих местах. Интересным явлением этого сотрудничества являются различные партийно-политические встречи и мероприятия, организуемые на чешской границе польскими и чешскими коммунистами, а также представителями других левых общественных организаций. Это проявляется в систематических визитах (обычно два раза в год), участии в совместных мероприятиях, например, по случаю 1-ого мая или Освобождения (8–9-ое мая), а также активном участии в общественно-политических, исторических конференциях и других мероприятиях. Существует также систематическая взаимная информация в Интернете, обмен журналами, плакатами, даже участие в международных мероприятиях в горах Крконоше, Трутнове, Градце-Кралове и даже в Праге. Чешские товарищи посещают польскую сторону границы, они заинтересованы в дальнейшем развитии событий в нашей стране. Недавно польские товарищи на выборах Президента Чешской Республики вступились за преследуемого режимом чешского кандидата от ЦК Коммунистической партии Китая, который вместе с двумя другими товарищами был посажен на скамейку запасных обвиняемый в суде Праги и осужденный за якобы «катынскую ложь». Другие вопросы статьи касаются анализа исторических предпосылок польско-чешских отношений в далеком и недавнем прошлом.
EN
The cooperation of Polish and Czech communists on the Sudeten Borderland has been going on for many years, it has had various stages and intensities. The most diverse and massive one was in the period of the Polish People’s Republic and socialist Czechoslovakia, when it included not only individual and family contacts. The mass cooperation included workplaces, schools, universities and other colleges, local government bodies, and numerous social organisations. It contributed to overcoming numerous, often negative, stereotypes among Poles and Czechs. Later, after the introduction of martial law in Poland, it collapsed. Political changes came and the borders were opened again, but today, it is no longer massive and organised. Individual and sometimes family contacts dominate, cross-border trade is flourishing, e.g., Czechs willingly come to the markets in Kudowa, Kłodzko, etc. On the other hand, Poles are willing to take up jobs nearby and more distant Czech workplaces. An interesting phenomenon of this cooperation are various meetings and party-political events undertaken on the Czech border by Polish and Czech communists, as well as representatives of other left-wing social organisations. This manifests itself in regular visits (usually twice a year), participation in mutual events, e.g., on the occasion of May 1, Liberation on May 8–9, as well as in active participation in socio-political, historical, and other conferences. There is also systematic mutual information on the Internet, exchange of magazines, posters, even participation in international events in the Giant Mountains, Trutnov, Hradec Králové, and even Prague. Czech comrades pay visits to the Polish side of the border. They are interested in the further development of events in our country. Recently, Polish comrades have taken the stand for the Czech candidate of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Republic who was persecuted by the regime and who, along with two other comrades, was put in the dock of a court in Prague and convicted of the alleged “Katyn lie”. Other issues of the article concern the analysis of the historical background of Polish-Czech relations in the distant and recent past.
EN
The article includes five parts: 1. Introduction – information about the book promotion event held in Warsaw on December 19, 2019 on the Polish edition of Xi Jinping’s Governance of China vol. I. The book launch was great not only because of the editing and the contents of the book, but also because it was a political, economic, cultural and international event, since the author is the number one politician not only in China but also in the contemporary world. The introduction includes information about the book content and demonstrates its importance for the theoretical generalizations and recognition of the main problems of contemporary China. 2. According to the authors of the paper, problems mentioned in the book are especially important. The original Chinese way of building socialism and the early stages of Chinese revolution were national, anti-feudal, anti-capitalist, democratic and socialist. Mao Zedong established class-based Maoism as a Marxism-Leninism in the Chinese version, while Deng Xiaoping and his successors established and developed the socialist market economy, which is the continuation of Maoism in the new era and they created the Chinese path to the anti-capitalist revolution and the building of socialism with Chinese characteristics. The perspective of the development of China till 2021 and 2049 (as a modern and developed socialism) and its influence on the national rejuvenation is not only Chinese but also an international issue. 3. Third part of the paper is devoted to the problems of building socialism in China, the analysis of the theory of Xi Jinping, the leading role of the CPC, the economic role of the owner and foreign capital in economy and policy, and the socio-economic contradictions in the contemporary PRC. 4. Forth part concerns Confucianism and Marxism as theoretical and practical problems in China; the original Chinese culture and civilization; the continuation and discontinuation of the historical development in contemporary epoch; the original development; the policy of opening- -up; the necessity of considering human contents of Confucianism in building and developing of socialism in China. 5. Fifth part of the paper is on the future status of the Communist Party of China’s Economy. Since the emergence of state-owned economy, it has played a huge role in the economic development of all countries. However, under the way of neoliberalism, state-owned economy has gradually been associated with backwardness and inefficiency. On the forum of state-owned economy enterprise reform in China, General Secretary Xi Jinping gave out important instructions. State-owned enterprises are an important force for strengthening the comprehensive power of the country and safeguarding the common interests of the people. State-owned enterprises must be made stronger, better and bigger. Academia has had a huge disagreement on this, and some scholars believe that this is an act of favoritism toward state-owned enterprises. This paper analyzes China’s state-owned economy from the perspective of total factor productivity (TFP), Marx’s historical materialism, national productivity, and social development, clarifying that state-owned economic reform is diff erent from the system of “profit based demands” rooted in the private economic market, but a system based on national productivity and the “needs” of the people. Making state-owned enterprises “stronger, better, and bigger” is in line with the historical development of socialism and material productivity, resolving doubts on the direction of state-owned economic reform.
EN
Socialist market economy or more broadly China’s road to socialism is a subject of controversy not only in China itself, but also in the international community. This issue is very complex on many levels. From the very beginning of the formation of the CPC it had to pursue different goals and face completely different challenges than its European counterparts. Due to its cultural and civilization distinctiveness, China had to choose its own path to socialism and its construction. During the times of Deng Xiaoping the Chinese economy opened to the influence of foreign capital, which allowed, on the one hand, to significantly accelerate China’s economic development and raise its position in the international arena, and on the other hand, it was the cause of much controversy.
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.