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Oblicza kryzysu spójności Wspólnej Polityki Zagranicznej i Bezpieczeństwa po traktacie z Lizbony

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Skolimowska A.

Przegląd Zachodni

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2017

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issue 2(363)

63-80

EN

The European integration project is in a deep crisis that touches many aspects of the European Union’s functioning - its economy, political activities, migration policy or even its external credibility and identity towards third parties. Crisis, however, is seen as a permanent feature of European integration and even perceived by some as an engine of its development. Each crisis was responded to by the treaty reforms and in that way helped to improve the EU’s institutional and political structure. The aim of the article is to seek an answer to the following questions: What are the features of the European Union’s crisis in the sphere of its external policy? What kind of solutions aimed to improve this policy are undertaken by the political actors of the European integration? Do they have a potential to strengthen the European Union’s position in a globalized world? The article is divided into three sections. The first section characterizes the foreign policy of the EU as well as the features of its external policy crisis. In the second section activities of the political actors of the European project toward overcoming such a crisis are shown. In the third section the author seeks an answer to the question if those solutions have a potential to strengthen the EU’s role in a globalized world?

2

The European Union as a ‘Normative Power’ in International Relations. Theoretical and Empirical Challenges

100%

Skolimowska A.

Yearbook of Polish European Studies

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2015

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issue 18

111-132

EN

The European Union is currently in the process of defi ning its position in the international arena. European integration, especially in the context of foreign affairs, has proved to be a challenging experience, as revealed in more than one crisis. In the empirical scope, this refers mostly to the lack of unity and cohesion between the Member States in reacting to and/or resolving international issues, which results from the diversity of interests presented by the Member States. In the theoretical scope, the main issue lies in establishing the characteristic traits of the European Union in international relations. The popular concept of the European Union acting as a ‘normative power’ in international crises fails to satisfy a number of important aspects. In such a context there is a need to develop more precise and politically neutral instruments to analyse the European Union’s activities in the international sphere.

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CHARAKTERYSTYKA, KLASYFIKACJA I FUNKCJE INSTRUMENTÓW FINANSOWYCH

100%

Skolimowska A.

Civitas et Lex

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2019

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issue 2(22)

23-37

EN

The aim of this paper was to present main information about financial instruments. Financial instruments are very important for law and as well for economy; for this reason studies in this field are very broad and affects of many aspects. This article present a general characteristic, classification and main functions of financial instruments. The most important is the division of financial instruments on securities and derivative financial instruments. The derivatives market reallocates risk from the people who prefer risk aversion to the people who have an appetite for risk. Debt instruments are assets that require a fixed payment to the holder, usually with interest. The equity market (often referred to as the stock market) is the market for trading equity instrument.

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Oblicza kryzysu spójności Wspólnej Polityki Zagranicznej i Bezpieczeństwa po traktacie z Lizbony

The European Union as a ‘Normative Power’ in International Relations. Theoretical and Empirical Challenges

CHARAKTERYSTYKA, KLASYFIKACJA I FUNKCJE INSTRUMENTÓW FINANSOWYCH