The factor structure of Michael D. Berzonsky’s Identity Style Inventory. How many styles are measured by ISI3?The Identity Style Inventory ISI3 developed by Michael D. Berzonsky is currently one of the most widely used measurement instruments in personality research – both in English language and Polish literature. The following paper is the Polish publication presenting the results of the study on the factor structure of identity styles as conceptualized by Berzonsky and operationalized in the ISI3 questionnaire. The study involved a total of 1995 people belonging to three developmental stages: early adolescence, late adolescence, and early adulthood. By means of confi rmatory factor analysis with parcelling, which has been used in English-language literature, the 3-factor structure of the inventory was confi rmed (similarly as in other countries). However, this paper questions the above method of analysis and proposes that it is necessary to check if the studied constructs are one-dimensional. Verifi cation conducted with the help of exploratory factor analysis and the comparison of alternative models with confi rmatory factor analysis seem to contradict the 3-factor structure. The collected empirical material appears to indicate that the diffuse-avoidant style (measured with the Polish version of the ISI3) in fact consists of two independent dimensions: the avoidant style and the diffuse-careless style.
A proposal is presented in the article of integrating Schwartz's circular model of values (1992, 1994, 2006) with Scheler's concept of values (Brzozowski, 1995). The main research goals were: 1) empirical verification of the attempt to include the values of Scheler into the circle of Schwartz’s values; 2) use of the concept and measurement of Scheler’s values to describe the development of the value structure during adolescence. Two studies were conducted in a group of 988 persons aged from 15 to 20 years. The Scheler Value Scale of Brzozowski (1995) was used along with the new version of the Schwartz’s Portrait Value Questionnaire (Schwartz et al., 2011). In the first study, multidimensional scaling of multitrait-multimathod (MTMM) matrix was carried out, into which were introduced the indexes of Scheler's values and the indexes of Schwartz's value types. In this way, it was demonstrated that it is possible to include Scheler's values in the four higher order values within Schwartz's circle of values. In the second study, it was shown that by using the Schelerian values to analyse the development of the value structure, similar results were obtained to those that were acquired with the aid of instruments intended to measure values in Schwartz's approach. The structure becomes differentiated with age and takes on the shape of a circle.
What is the world view? The psychological context of the psychological term The term “worldview” – common to a number of scientific disciplines, especially psychology and philosophy – tends to be regarded by the representatives of a given field of study as one that belongs to the allied discipline rather than their own: psychologists usually consider it to be a philosophical term, while philosophers – a psychological one. This article presents an integrative approach to “worldview”, which at the same time recognises its specific role in the two disciplines. It outlines the philosophical origins of the term with the emphasis on those elements that were particularly important for the psychological understanding of worldview. Considering the lack of a theory of worldview and frequent remarks about its importance to psychology, the turn towards philosophy could be an interesting source of inspiration and a step towards the formulation of such a theory. The issue of worldview has always been analysed in the developmental approach, which provided theoretical background and tools for its study.
In the social-cognitive model of identity formation Berzonsky, (1989, 2011) distinguishes three styles of identity formation: informational, normative and diffuse-avoidant. In order to measure these three styles Berzonsky developed Identity Styles Inventory (ISI). Factorial validity of the questionnaire was usually established via Confirmatory Factor Analysis with parceling (Crocetti, Rubini, Berzonsky, Meeus, 2009; Crocetti, Shokri, 2010; Zimmermann, Biermann-Mahaim, Mantzouranis, Genoud,Crocetti, 2012). Recently Cieciuch (2010) challenged the results obtained in those analysis and demonstrated that the diffuse-avoidant style should be treated as two-dimensional constructin Poland. In the meantime Berzonsky (2010) developed a revised version of ISI (ISI-4). We address the problem pointed out by Cieciuch (2010) in the Polish data collected with ISI-4. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, as well an inspection of the association between identity styles and both personality traits and priorities of values strongly support the necessity to split the diffuse-avoidant style measured by ISI-4 in Poland into two subtypes.
In 2004 Peterson and Seligman presented their concept of virtues and 24 character strengths which are widely-valued positive characteristics considered to be important for achieving a good, happy life (Peterson, Seligman, 2004). For their measurement Peterson and Seligman (2004) developed Values in Action – Inventory of Strengths (VIA-IS). As a part of his International Personality Item Pool project (ipip.ori.org), Goldberg developed his own measurement of Peterson and Seligman’s character strengths, which differs from VIA-IS for example in its open access form. Research on Polish version of the International Personality Item Pool – Values in Action questionnaire (IPIP-VIA) was conducted on a sample of N = 908 adults. It proved satisfactory psychometric properties of the tool. High or satisfactory reliability for all the scales measuring character strengths was achieved. Validity of the tool was tested by comparing sex differences obtained in research with a Polish version of the IPIP-VIA and the results of studies conducted in the UK with the VIA-IS questionnaire.
Prezentowany artykuł, będący wprowadzeniem do niniejszego numeru Roczników Psychologicznych, poświęconego cechom osobowości i ich pomiarowi, składa się z dwóch części. W pierwszej z nich zostały omówione dwie tradycje badawcze posługujące się taksonomią pięciu cech osobowości: tradycja leksykalna (posługująca się terminem Wielka Piątka) i psychometryczna (posługująca się terminem Pięcioczynnikowy Model Osobowości). Autorzy omawiają podobieństwa i różnice między tymi tradycjami, a także teoretyczne podstawy pojawiających się w ostatnich badaniach innych modeli, takich jak model Wielkiej Szóstki czy Wielkiej Dwójki. W drugiej części artykułu zostały przedstawione wybrane zagadnienia związane z pomiarem cech osobowości (szczegółowo analizowane przez autorów w kilku tekstach wchodzących w skład tego numeru Roczników. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na różnice między operacjonalizacją pięciu cech w różnych kwestionariuszach, a także na rosnącą popularność krótkich skal do pomiaru cech osobowości. Zaprezentowano też problemy związane z pomiarem cech osobowości i wykorzystywane narzędzia psychometryczne.
EN
The article is an introduction to the volume devoted to personality traits and their measurement. It consists of two parts. The first part presents two research traditions that use the taxonomy of five personality traits: the lexical tradition (using the term "Big Five") and the psychometric tradition (using the term "Five-Factor Model of Personality"). Similarities and differences between these traditions are outlined and the basic elements of other models that have appeared in recent studies - such as the Big Six or the Big Two - are introduced in it. The second part of the paper presents selected issues of measurement, discussed in detail in several texts included in the current issue of Annals of Psychology. Special attention is drawn to differences between various questionnaires in the operationalization of the five traits as well as to the growing popularity of short scales for measuring personality traits. The paper also outlines problems involved in the measurement of personality traits and the psychometric instruments used.
Artykuł prezentuje polską adaptację kwestionariusza IPIP-BFM-50 Goldberga do pomiaru pięciu cech osobowości w tradycji leksykalnej (ekstrawersja, ugodowość, sumienność, stabilność emocjonalna oraz intelekt). Procedura adaptacyjna została przeprowadzona w ośmiu badaniach, natomiast analizy - łącznie na grupie N = 7015 osób w wieku od 10 do 83 lat (średnia wieku wyniosła 29 lat). Rzetelność oszacowano za pomocą wskaźników a Cronbacha. Trafność czynnikowa została zweryfikowana w konfirmacyjnej analizie czynnikowej, zaś równoważność pomiaru między różnymi sytuacjami badawczymi - w wielogrupowej konfirmacyjnej analizie czynnikowej. Trafność zewnętrzna została oszacowana poprzez porównanie wyników uzyskanych za podstawie IPIP-BFM-50 z wynikami NEO-FFI i NEO-PI-R. Otrzymane wyniki uzasadniają wniosek, że IPIP-BFM-50 jest narzędziem o satysfakcjonujących parametrach psychometrycznych, które może być stosowane w badaniach naukowych.
EN
The article presents the Polish adaptation of Goldberg's IPIP-BFM-50 questionnaire for measuring the five personality traits in the lexical tradition (Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, and Intellect). The adaptation procedure was carried out as a series of eight studies. Analyses were performed on a total of N = 7015 people aged from 10 to 83 (their mean age was 29 years). Reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Factorial validity was verified in confirmatory factor analysis. In multigroup confirmatory factor analysis, measurement invariance between various research situations was verified. External validity was assessed by comparing the scores obtained using the IPIP-BFM-50 with NEO-FFI and NEO-PI-R scores. The results support the conclusion that the IPIP-BFM-50 is a measure with satisfactory psychometric properties, fit for use in scientific research.
The aim of the article is to present the Polish version of Locke’s Circumplex Scales for Interpersonal Efficacy (CSIE) as well as to elucidate the personality correlates of interpersonal circumplex constructs and the scope of the repertoire of interpersonal behaviors. The CSIE is based on Wiggins’ interpersonal circumplex model (Wiggins, Trapnell, & Phillips, 1988) and enables the measurement of the eight facets of interpersonal self-efficacy: Dominant, Dominant & Distant, Distant, Yielding & Distant, Yielding, Yielding & Friendly, Friendly, Dominant & Friendly. The study was conducted on a sample of N = 306. The reliability of one scale (FG – Yielding & Distant) was low, and the reliabilities of the remaining scales were acceptable. The internal structure and construct validity of the instrument were satisfactory. Interpersonal self-efficacy was found to be most strongly associated with the Beta / Plasticity metatrait. This fact was discussed in the context of DeYoung’s (2015) Cybernetic Big Five Theory (CB5 . As indicators of the scope of the interpersonal repertoire two measures were used: interpersonal flexibility (profile elevation) and interpersonal rigidity (vector length). The flexibility of interpersonal self-efficacy and interpersonal traits were associated with extraversion, agreeableness, emotional stability, intellect, Alfa / Stability, Beta / Plasticity, and General Factor of Personality. In turn, the rigidity of interpersonal values and interpersonal traits correlated with extraversion, agreeableness, emotional stability, intellect, Alfa / Stability, Beta / Plasticity, and General Factor of Personality.
PL
Celem artykułu jest prezentacja polskiej wersji kwestionariusza do pomiaru poczucia skuteczności interpersonalnej – Skal koła skuteczności interpersonalnej (Circumplex Scales for Interpersonal Efficacy; CSIE) Locke’a – oraz poznanie osobowościowych uwarunkowań konstruktów koła interpersonalnego i szerokości repertuaru zachowań interpersonalnych. CSIE są oparte na modelu koła interpersonalnego Wigginsa (Wiggins, Trapnell, Phillips, 1988) i mierzą 8 aspektów interpersonalnego poczucia skuteczności: Dominujący, Dominujący i Zdystansowany, Zdystansowany, Ustępliwy i Zdystansowany, Ustępliwy, Ustępliwy i Życzliwy, Życzliwy, Dominujący i Życzliwy. Badanie przeprowadzono na próbie N = 306. Rzetelność jednej skali (FG – Ustępliwy i Zdystansowany) jest niska, rzetelności pozostałych skal są zadowalające. Struktura wewnętrzna i trafność teoretyczna narzędzia są satysfakcjonujące. Stwierdzono, że interpersonalne poczucie skuteczności jest najsilniej powiązane z metacechą Beta / Plastyczność, co poddano dyskusji w kontek ie Cybernetycznej Teorii Wielkiej Piątki (Cybernetic Big Five Theory; CB5T) DeYounga (2015). Jako wskaźniki szerokości repertuaru zachowań interpersonalnych zastosowano elastyczność interpersonalną (wzniesienie profilu) oraz sztywność interpersonalną (długość wektora). Elastyczność interpersonalnego poczucia skuteczności i cech interpersonalnych jest powiązana z ekstrawersją, ugodowością, stabilnością emocjonalną, intelektem, Alfą / Stabilnością, Betą / Plastycznością oraz Ogólnym Czynnikiem Osobowości. Z kolei sztywność wartości i cech interpersonalnych koreluje z ekstrawersją, ugodowością, stabilnością emocjonalną, intelektem, Alfą / Stabilnością, Betą / Plastycznością oraz Ogólnym Czynnikiem Osobowości.
Value structure in late childhoodRecent years witnessed an increasing number of studies on adolescents’ and children’s values and value structures that were conceptually based on Schwartz’s (1992) theoretical model. Because of difficulties with the application of established questionnaires to research values among younger and younger persons, efforts were made to create instruments that are suited to adolescents’ and children’s cognitive-developmental background. In this study, 389 children who were between 7 and 12 years old completed one of these recently developed instruments: the Polish adaptation of the Picture-Based Value Survey for Children (PBVS-C), Döring (Döring, Blauensteiner, Aryus, Drögekamp, Bilsky, in press). We examined the presence of Schwartz’s circular structure of values with a theory-based (weakly-confi rmatory) multidimensional scaling (MDS) approach. To further explore potential developmental differences, we conducted additional analyses in two age groups: (1) younger children aged 7 to 9 years (N = 207, grades 1–3), and (2) older children aged 10 to 12 years (N = 182; grades 4–6). Differentiated value structures that were organized in Schwartz’s two basic dimensions (selfenhancement versus self-transcendence, and openness to change versus conservation) emerged in the whole sample and in each of the two age groups. Moreover, we found significant differences in structural complexity between both age groups: as compared to the younger children, the older children’s value structures were more differentiated and closer to the theoretical prototype.
The Five Factors Model of personality (Digman, 1990) is one of the most prominent taxonomies of traits. Many of the empirical studies supporting the FFM led McCrae (2009) to the comparison of the FFM to the physics of personality. However, researchers have faced some problems in relation to the FFM, both theoretical and methodological as well. The main reason of those problems could reffers to the organization of lower level personality traits.The FFM assumes the hierarchical structure of traits. It means that all five basic personality dimension have their own facets, independent from each other. the Abridged Big Five Dimensional Circumplex (AB5C) proposed by Hofstee, de Raad and Goldberg (1992) is a competitive model describing the personality traits structure as circularly organized. Lower-level traits are characterized by loadings on a subset of two of the five factors in AB5C model. Each pair of the Big Five traits shape a circle, which are located facets on (lower-level traits). This way AB5C model consists of 10 two-dimensional circumplexes that could be treated – in a metaphoric language – as a kind of “periodic table” of traits (Hofstee, et al., 1992). The article presents the main assumption of AB5C model operationalized by IPIP-45AB5C questionnaire, with the emphasis on differences between hierarchical and circular models of personality structure.
The main aim of the research was to empirically verify the model of relationships between the three identity dimensions: commitment, in-depth exploration and reconsideration of commitment, as differentiated in the model proposed by Crocetti, Rubini, and Meeus (2008), and the eudaimonic psychological well-being in the model proposed by Ryff (1989). The participants were 504 students and workers aged 17–55. Two separate models were created: one considered identity formation in educational domain, and the other – in occupational domain. Well-being was introduced to the model as an endogenous variable, explained by the three identity dimensions. In the model with educational identity, the identity dimensions explained 28% of well-being variance, and in the model with occupational identity – 17%. The results obtained highlighted the meaning of identity formation on the way to achieve eudaimonic well-being.
The presented study is the first attempt to verify the Schwartz's circular model of value structure in middle childhood. Previous studies have verified the model in adulthood and adolescence, and most recently – thanks to the method called Picture Based Value Survey by Döring (Döring et al., 2010) - even in late childhood. However, to date there was a lack of adequate testing methods for younger children. To verify the hypothesis of the circular structure of value in middle childhood, we have developed a method called the Puppet Values Interview, inspired by the Berkeley Puppet Interview (Measelle, Ablow, Cowan, Cowan, 1998). The study was conducted individually and 60 children aged from 4 to 6 years participated in it. Multidimensional scaling obtained from the results supported the hypothesis about the circular structure of values and the possibility of dividing the continuum into four higher order values: self-transcendence, self-enhancement, openness to change and conservation.
The main aim of presented study was to examine the relationships between satisfaction with life (Diener, 1984) and five identity dimensions distinguished by Luyckx (Luyckx, Goosens, Soenens, & Beyers, 2006, Luyckx et al., 2008): commitment making, identification with commitment, exploration in breadth, exploration in depth and ruminative exploration. The participants were 417 students and workers aged 19–27. The results indicated significant relationships between identity dimensions and life satisfaction and also showed the differences between students and workers group: in student sub-sample significant appeared to be the connection between exploration in breadth and satisfaction with life, and in worker sub-sample the connections of life satisfaction and exploration in depth. Moreover, in both sub-samples the significant links between satisfaction with life and ruminative kind of exploration were reported. it was also found, that identification with commitment mediates the relationship of commitment making and life satisfaction.
Najczęściej wykorzystywane kwestionariusze do pomiaru osobowości składają się z dużej liczby pozycji. W ostatnich latach coraz większą popularnością cieszą się jednak ich skrócone wersje. Niniejszy artykuł jest prezentacją skróconej formy kwestionariusza Goldberga, służącego do pomiaru Wielkiej Piątki cech osobowości. Kwestionariusz mierzy pięć cech (ekstrawersja, ugodowość, sumienność, stabilność emocjonalna, intelekt) i składa się z 20 pozycji. Jest skróconą wersją 50-stwierdzeniowego kwestionariusza Big Five Markers z zasobów International Personality Item Pool, którego polską wersję przygotowali Strus, Cieciuch i Rowiński (2014b). W konstrukcji krótkiej wersji została wykorzystana procedura Donnellana i współautorów (2006), której celem jest maksymalizacja wewnętrznej spójności oraz wzajemnej niezależności skal. Badania zostały przeprowadzone w łącznej grupie N = 903 osób w wieku 16-83 lata. Trafność (zweryfikowana w konfirmacyjnej analizie czynnikowej oraz analizie korelacji skal kwestionariusza z innymi pomiarami pięciu cech osobowości) oraz rzetelność (mierzona wskaźnikiem a Cronbacha) są zadowalające i pozwalają na stosowanie kwestionariusza w badaniach naukowych.
EN
The most frequently used measures of personality consist of a large number of items. However, it is their short versions that have enjoyed popularity in recent years. This article is a presentation of the short form of Goldberg's questionnaire for measuring the Big Five personality traits. The questionnaire measures five traits (Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, Intellect), and consists of 20 items. It is a shortened version of the 50-item Big Five Markers questionnaire from the resources of the International Personality Item Pool, whose Polish version was prepared by Strus, Cieciuch, and Rowiński (2014b). In constructing the short version, we followed the procedure developed by Donnellan and colleagues (2006), aimed at maximizing the internal consistency and independence of scales. The research was carried out on a group of N = 903 people aged between 16 and 83 years. The validity (verified in confirmatory factor analysis and in the analysis of correlations between the questionnaire's scales and other measures of the five personality traits) and reliability (measured by Cronbach's alpha coefficient) are satisfactory and make the questionnaire fit for use in scientific research.
The Action–Trait theory of human motivation posits that individual differences in predispositional traits of action may account for variance in contemporary purposeful human behavior. Prior research has supported the theory, psychometric properties of scales designed to assess the motive dimensions of the theory, and the utility of these scales to predict an array of behaviors, but this is the first study to evaluate the cross-linguistical invariance of the 15-factor theoretical model. This study evaluated translations of the English language 60-item Quick AIM in 5 samples – Croatian (N = 614), French (N = 246), German (N = 154), Polish (M = 314), and U.S. English (N = 490) – recruited from 4 countries (Croatia, Poland, Switzerland, and the U.S.). Exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) supported the theoretical model on which the traits of action are based and scrutinized the measurement invariance (configural, metric, scalar invariance) of the scale across the languages.
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