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Február 1948 a civilná letecká doprava medzi Východom a Západom

100%
Švík P.
Soudobé dějiny (Contemporary History)
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2020
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vol. 27
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issue 1
100-115
EN
The article examines the effect of the Communist coup d’état in Czechoslovakia in February 1948 on the development of commercial civil air transport between the East and the West. It revolves around the formulation and implementation of the US policy of so-called aerial containment in the early stage of the Cold War and its consequences for Czechoslovak Airlines (Československé aerolinie – ČSA) as the flag air carrier of Czechoslovakia. The author depicts the international expansion of Czechoslovak Airlines after the WWII, which reached not only to the West and also the north and southeast of Europe, but also to the Near and Middle East. It should be noted that the company had held, insofar as air connections to the West were concerned, the dominant position among states of the nascent East Bloc. When Czechoslovakia refused to join the Marshall Plan, and particularly when Communists usurped power over the country, the Americans blocked negotiations with Prague on the purchase of new aircraft and exerted diplomatic pressure on their allies to prevent Czechoslovak Airlines’ flights to strategic regions. With the Cold War escalating and also in reaction to some Western citizens having been arrested and sentenced in Czechoslovakia in the early 1950s, the Western Powers blocked overflights of Czechoslovak airplanes over their occupation zones in Germany and Austria, and thus practically shut down their connections behind the Iron Curtain. Between 1951 and 1955, Czechoslovak Airlines could operate just one connection outside the Eastern Bloc (to Scandinavia) and their role in connections to the West was partly taken over by the Polish national carrier LOT.
CS
Článek zkoumá vliv komunistického převratu v únoru 1948 v Československu na vývoj civilní letecké dopravy mezi Východem a Západem. Jeho těžiště je přitom položeno na formování a uskutečňování americké politiky takzvaného vzdušného zadržování (aeriel containment) v počátcích studené války a na jeho důsledky pro Československé aerolinie (ČSA) jako monopolního leteckého dopravce v Československu. Autor líčí mezinárodní expanzi Československých aerolinií po skončení druhé světové nejen na Západ, sever a jihovýchod Evropy, ale i na Blízký a Střední východ. Tato společnost přitom měla ve spojení se Západem v rámci vznikajícího východního bloku dominantní pozici. Poté co Československo odmítlo účast na Marshallově plánu, a zvláště poté co se vlády v zemi zmocnili komunisté, Američané zablokovali jednání s Prahou o nákupu nových letadel a vyvinuli diplomatický tlak na své spojenci, aby zamezili letům Československých aerolinií do strategických oblastí. Se stupňující se studenou válkou a také v reakci na zatčení a odsouzení některých západních občanů v Československu na počátku padesátých let západní mocnosti znemožnily průlety československých letadel přes jejich okupační zóny v Německu a Rakousku a fakticky tak téměř zrušily jejich spojení za železnou oponu. V letech 1951 až 1955 mohly Československé aerolinie udržovat jedinou linku mimo socialistický blok (do Skandinávie) a jejich roli ve spojení se Západem částečně převzala polská letecká společnost LOT.
2
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K činnosti a aktivitám Stredo- a východoevropského výboru pri Európskom hnutiu v rokoch 1948–1953

100%
Švík P.
Moderní dějiny: sborník k dějinám 19. a 20. století (Modern History: Studies into 19th and 20th century history)
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2014
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vol. 22
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issue 1
203-223
EN
Except for Vladimír Goněc’s studies on Hubert Ripka’s activities in the aftermath of the WWII or Jan Wszelaki’s group proposal for an Eastern European Schuman Plan, neither Czech nor Slovak historiography paid significant attention to the concepts of Central and Eastern European integration developed by the exile circles in the Western countries after 1945. A striking point here is that these plans, in most cases, did not originate from the respective national exile groups, but were rather a result of interplay between these. Furthermore, the mutual interchange had to be often managed from without by the “unbiased” mediators. These used to be the sympathetic Western politicians, political entrepreneurs or donors. At the end of 1940s and in early 1950s, the Central and Eastern European Commission of the European Movement was one of the most important platforms for such an interaction. While focusing on the Commission’s activities, this article outlines its institutional linkages and composition as well as draws attention to the plan of Central and Eastern European integration worked out within this body at the turn of 1950s.
3
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Ideová a koncepčná východiska zahraničnopolitického programu Rady slobodného Československa (1948–1953)

100%
Švík P.
Moderní dějiny: sborník k dějinám 19. a 20. století (Modern History: Studies into 19th and 20th century history)
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2013
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vol. 21
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issue 1
191-206
EN
The history of the so-called Third Czechoslovak resistance and particularly that of the Council of Free Czechoslovakia has already been a subject of relative intense research in Czech and Slovak historiography. Yet, one can still pose some questions which were not addressed in-depth heretofore. One of these is the question of whether some of the Czechoslovak exiles attended the Congress of Europe held in The Hague in May 1948 or not. According to the official list of participants, ten persons from among the Czechoslovak exiles participated to the event. Was this possible, however, in the light of extremely complicated situation many emigrants faced in the uneasy post-war years? And, in the context of development The Hague Congress foreshadowed, one may ask what attitudes the Czechoslovak exile movement took towards the European questions. Hence, lastly, what objectives did the Council’s European program seek in the first half of the 1950s?
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