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Lidové výklady českých příjmení

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Dvořáková Ž.
Národopisný věstník
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2022
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vol. 63
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issue 2
379-396
EN
This paper analyses 379 folk etymological interpretations and other 141 assumptions about the foreign origin of surnames, all received either by the radio programme On the Origin of Surnames, the Language Counselling Centre of the Czech Language Institute, or the information service Ask the Library. These inquiries were sent by the public along with requests for a confirmation of the suggested etymological interpretations of the surnames in question, or for an official (correct / scientific) explanation. The analysis shows that most often the folk etymology consists in erroneous decomposition of the name or in connecting the name with an incorrect original form, i.e. usually a familiar noun recognized in the name. The folk etymologies do not respect the word-forming structure of names. They also ignore the age and origin of the surname which they like to look for in foreign languages (especially in French, Polish, Hungarian), regardless of the origin of the family.
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O jednom pokusu o systematizaci a výklad židovských příjmení

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Dvořáková Ž.
Acta onomastica
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2023
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vol. 64
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issue 1
203-209
EN
The contribution is a critique of the article by J. Klenovský, who presented his own classification of the surnames of Moravian Jews. However, the thesis shows many professional shortcomings (e.g. missing citations, insufficient description of the material) and many of the presented etymological interpretations are highly questionable.
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Z historie našeho onomastického časopisu

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Dvořáková Ž.
Acta onomastica
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2021
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vol. 62
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issue 1
18-34
EN
Our onomastic journal is the only Czech peer-reviewed scientific periodical dealing with the field of proper names. It was founded in 1960 by Vladimír Šmilauer and Jan Svoboda as the second onomastic journal in Slavic world (after the Polish Onomastica). It has changed its name several times: Zpravodaj Místopisné komise ČSAV (Bulletin of the Topographic Board of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences) > 1983 Onomastický zpravodaj ČSAV > 1993 Onomastický zpravodaj > 1995 Acta onomastica. It has an extensive network of Czech as well as foreign contributors; contributions are published especially in Czech, Slovak, Polish, Russian, German, and English. Original articles, reviews and reports deal with any aspects of the research of proper names, their linguistic as well as extralinguistic aspects. Due to its interdisciplinary orientation, the journal publishes contributions written not only by linguists, but also researchers from other fields. The journal Acta onomastica is indexed in Scopus, Central and Eastern European Academic Source (Ebsco), The Central European Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (Cejsh) and ERIH PLUS.
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Mizení příjmení a jejich variant (sonda do příjmení začínajících písmenem K):

100%
Dvořáková Ž.
Acta onomastica
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2020
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vol. 61
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issue 2
311-331
EN
The study compares the surnames from the Tax Lists from Bohemia (1654) and Moravia and Silesia (1669‒1679) with those from the current surname list (2017), with the aim to map the changes of the onymic system. A special attention is paid to changes in the names beginning with the letter K, with a particular focus on surnames which have already become extinct or they are about to disappear soon. The reasons for the disappearance of surnames are primarily biological (no sons in the family). However, some family names have been changed over the years, and another reason is the migration, which has had an impact on the onymic system as well. The system of Czech surnames underwent great changes as a result of the Second World War, when some Jewish surnames disappeared and the surnames of the expelled German inhabitants were lost. The article also poses a question which surnames can actually be considered to be Czech.
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Odraz rusko-ukrajinské války v urbanonymii a v jazykové krajině ostatních zemí

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Dvořáková Ž.
Acta onomastica
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2023
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vol. 64
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issue 1
22-44
EN
This study is focused on changes in linguistic landscape (especially in urbanonyms) due to the Russian attack on Ukraine in February 2022. It follows official and unofficial renaming of streets around the world in effort to show solidarity with Ukraine and its people. Official commemorative names have often the meaning ‘Free Ukraine’ (e.g. in Riga and Tirana), ‘Ukrainian Heroes’ (e.g. in Prague and Vilnius) etc. and are mostly located close to Russian embassies. Unofficial names given to streets by activists as a protest against the war are usually motivated by the name of the Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy. Street names derived from the adjective Russian, or from Russian toponyms are changed as well, however only unofficially (e.g. the sign with the name of Ruská ‘Russian Street’ in Prague was replaced with the sign containing the famous answer of the Ukrainian soldiers from Snake Island to the Russian warship).
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Polná - a toponym that has become a symbol

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Dvořáková Ž.
Acta onomastica
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2019
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vol. 60
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issue 1
24-35
EN
In our minds, many toponyms are connected with important historical or mythical events. This paper is focused on the toponym Polná and some proper names related to this town. Polná was one of many small sleepy towns in the Vysočina region. Everything changed with the murder of Anežka Hrůzová in 1899. The rumours of a “ritual murder” spread and the local Jew Leopold Hilsner was charged with the crime. It was the beginning of a great anti-Semitic hysteria and Polná became the most watched place in the monarchy. The whole affair was publicized in our country and abroad. After more than 100 years the city of Polná is still associated with this murder, the Hilsner Affair and the tragic judicial error. It became a part of the common knowledge and culture of Czech people. The history is still alive and projected into the image of the town. At the scene of the act (called U Anežky) there is a symbolic grave which is often visited by tourists and by Czech nationalists. On the town square we can go for lunch at U Hilsnera Restaurant. Nearby we can find a former Jewish ghetto still unofficially called Židák (Žid = ‘Jew’) even though no Jews live here today.
CS
Mnoho toponym si v mysli spojujeme s důležitými historickými nebo mytologickými událostmi. Tento příspěvek je zaměřen na toponymum Polná a některá pomístní jména spjatá s tímto městem. Polná byla malé, ospalé městečko na Vysočině. Vše se změnilo vraždou Anežky Hrůzové v roce 1899. Začaly se šířit spekulace o „rituální vraždě“ a ze zločinu byl obviněn místní židovský mladík Leopold Hilsner. Tak začala veliká antisemitská hysterie a Polná se stala jedním z nejsledovanějších míst tehdejší monarchie. Celá aféra byla medializována u nás i v cizině. Po více než 100 letech je město Polná stále asociováno s touto vraždou, Hilsnerem a tragickým justičním omylem. Stala se součástí české všeobecné encyklopedie a kultury. Historie je stále živá a projektuje se do „image“ města. Místo činu (zvané U Anežky), kde je symbolický hrob, je často navštěvováno turisty i českými nacionalisty. Na náměstí si můžeme zajít na oběd do restaurace U Hilsnera. A nedaleko leží bývalé židovské ghetto, stále neoficiálně nazývané Židák, i když tu dnes žádní židé nežijí.
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Lidová etymologie a "hanlivá" příjmení

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Dvořáková Ž.
Acta onomastica
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2018
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vol. 59
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issue 1
42-53
EN
There are many Czech surnames motivated by parts of human or animal body. Some of them are connected with sexual or fecal activities. These surnames are pejorative and many of them were changed during the time and disappeared from our onymic system. This article is focused on surnames which are meant to be obscene only by a folk etymology but their real origin is different and they have nothing to do with vulgar common nouns. However, the pressure of the folk etymology is so strong that many people rather change their surname not to be objects of jokes and notes about their names.
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Jména pro nalezence z babyboxů

100%
Dvořáková Ž.
Naše řeč (Our Speech)
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2022
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vol. 105
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issue 4
207-224
EN
Between 2006 and 2021, 231 babies were anonymously abandoned by their parents in the so-called baby hatches or baby boxes placed around the Czech Republic. First names and surnames are given to these children by nurses in hospitals or mostly by Ludvík Hess, the founder and organizer of the project of baby boxes in the Czech Republic. First names are chosen after nurses or doctors in hospitals, sponsors of the project, and Hess’s friends. Sometimes the waifs are given the name corresponding to the respective name-day in the Czech calendar. Assigned surnames are motivated by the time (day, holiday, season) when, or the place (toponym) where, the child was found. However, these names are informal and temporary. The official first name and surname of the child must be decided by a court. Names can then be changed again after adoption.
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Zákonné předpisy omezující volbu rodných jmen českých a moravských Židů

100%
Dvořáková Ž.
Acta onomastica
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2019
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vol. 60
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issue 2
212-220
EN
The naming traditions of Czech and Moravian Jews were significantly influenced by the law of Joseph II. on the necessity of accepting German given names issued in 1787. A list of authorized names was created. This list was abolished in 1836 when naming by any German name was allowed. It was only in 1867 when the Jews could give their children any name of their choice. During the occupation, the German law of 1938 applied in the Protectorate required that the Jews use either names from the list of authorized names or add the second name Israel or Sara to their existing name. After the war, these anti-Jewish restrictions were abolished. At present, Act No. 301/2000 applies to all Czech citizens without any differences.
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K termínu "lidová etymologie" v české onomastice

100%
Dvořáková Ž.
Národopisný věstník
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2022
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vol. 63
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issue 2
367-378
EN
The term folk etymology is traditionally used to denote an erroneous, usually arbitrary connection of an etymologically opaque word to a word which is similar in the form or meaning but it is of different origin. Our approach is wider, we consider folk etymology as a part of folk linguistics. Folk (or also learned) etymology is one of the oldest methods of interpreting proper names and we can meet this phenomenon as early as in medieval chronicles. Folk interpretations often grow into size of etymological tales. They represent the period of the so-called pre-scientific etymology. However, folk etymology has not been replaced by scientific etymology, it is still alive and part of language users’ awareness. The term “folk etymology” was introduced by E. Förstemann in his paper Über deutsche Volksetymologie / About German Folk Etymology (1852) where he mentioned a whole range of examples for proper names. The term folk etymology coined by Förstemann was, despite some criticism, adopted into other languages including Czech. Three years later and independently of Förstemann, H. Wedgwood published a paper on what he called “false etymologies”. Similar terms actually appear in other languages as well but they are considered problematic as they imply something improper. Folk etymology is sometimes treated as a non-scientific deformation of a language reality, as a misleading, deceptive preconception, which the educated scientists shall make sure to remove. F. de Saussure even supported the idea of folk etymology being something “pathological”. However, this opinion of his was frequently criticised. Nowadays, we do not perceive folk etymology as something wrong which is to be corrected. In our conception, the folk etymology is understood as a natural tendency of language users to explain foreign and opaque words as well as proper names, and to interpret, search and clarify the meaning connections even if these are not present.
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O rodných jménech motivovaných označením rostlin

100%
Dvořáková Ž.
Acta onomastica
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2012
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vol. 53
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issue 1
46-64
EN
Many names motivated by designations of flowers and plants belong to a very archaic layer of anthroponyms. They were created as protecting names (demons should believe that a person with name motivated by designation of flower is a flower itself) and later they had characterization or predestination functions. Flowers had many symbolical meanings (ancient and medieval Christian) which could influence proper names as well (e. g. the name Rose meant not only „rose“ but also „beauty“ and „love“ – i. e. the symbolical meanings of rose). First names motivated by designations of flowers and plants were very popular in the 19th century, in a period of „flowers of speech“ fashion. In English many new names motivated by designations of flowers and plants (especially female) were created at that time. In our country, Czech names motivated by designations of flowers and plants (e. g. Růžena „rose“) were popular in the 1930s and 1940s, then they rapidly fell out of vogue. Some names motivated by designations of flowers and plants are not used anymore (e. g. Eglantine) but other ones are made up nowadays (e. g. Apple).
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Baker Street, Příčná ulice a ulice Mazaných řemeslníků - tři typy urbanonym v beletrii a jejich funkce

100%
Dvořáková Ž.
Acta onomastica
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2009
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vol. 50
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issue 1
80-87
EN
My paper is focused on functions of urbanonyms in literature. I have tried to analyze various roles which urban names may play in fiction. There are two different sorts of these names – real and unreal. Most authors use real urbanonyms which can be found in a concrete town. Some descriptions are so detailed that the reader could take a map and see the way a character is following in a novel (e. g. names of streets and squares in Warsaw in some I. B. Singer’s novels). I should also mention that some urban names can become famous because of their use in fiction (a typical example is Baker Street in London where A. C. Doyle’s detective Sherlock Holmes “lived”). The main function of urban names is to identify the object in fiction. All urban names (real an unreal) in literature have aesthetic function as well and they help to locate places inside fictive world of the novel. The function of real urban names is to associate them with the same objects in the real world. The real name could play the role of a symbol as well (e. g. the name of Krochmalna street in I. B. Singer’s works – it is not merely a street in Warsaw, it is a symbol of ghetto and a symbol of narrator’s childhood). The second sort of literary urban names can be mostly found in unreal towns in fairy-tales, fantasy or sci-fi literature. We can name e. g. the very famous Diagon Alley in J. K. Rowling’s saga about Harry Potter or the ficticious “Parisian” street Rue Morgue in a detective story by E. A. Poe. These unreal urban names are usually created on the basis of names known from the real world. That is why they make an illusion of reality. On the other hand there are also unreal names which demonstrate their fictitiousness and the fact that they make part of author’s play with the reader (e. g. urban names in T. Pratchett’s town Ankh-Morpork) – their function is making an anti-illusion of reality.
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Ostrov Cohnova rozhodnutí aneb krajina jmen v románu Bernarda Malamuda Boží milost

100%
Dvořáková Ž.
Acta onomastica
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2011
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vol. 52
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issue 1
45-54
EN
Humankind was destroyed during a nuclear war. This is the beginning of the last novel of B. Malamud, God’s Grace. The only man who survived was Calvin Cohn. On a boat he found a speaking chimpanzee and then a group of chimpanzees and baboons on an island. Cohn as a new biblical Adam gave names to the monkeys. There are two different sorts of these names – biblical ones playing a role of nomen omen and describing characters on one hand and names of Cohn’s family members and friends on the other hand – names which were part of Cohn’s past life, his memory.
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Žďánidla

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Dvořáková Ž.
Národopisný věstník
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2010
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vol. 51
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issue 2
466-469
EN
Ždánidla is a name of a peak in Šumava Mountains. Etymology of this name is not clear. Toponyms such as Day, Ždánice or Ždánov are derived from anthroponym Ždán. However, we do not interpret Ždánidla as a name connected with this anthroponym. According to our opinion Ždánidla could be related to old Czech verb ždáti “wait”, “expect”. Czech name Ždánidla could be also created according to the German name of this peak, i. e. Steindlberg.
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Česká teorie literární onomastiky

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Dvořáková Ž.
Národopisný věstník
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2010
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vol. 51
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issue 2
447-452
EN
Literary onomastics is relatively young discipline of research. We can find few articles about literary names in 1950’s. However, literary names have been studying systematically since 1970 in our country. Especially analysis of concrete literary work and work of one author were in a centre of interest in the first period of research. They were focused on language structure of names, choosing or creating names, their aesthetic function etc. The first Czech theoretical article about names in literature was written by K. Hausenblas in 1976. In the second period of research (in 1980’s) many material studies were published. Especially literary anthroponyms were analyzed. Problems of translation of names were discussed as well. Theoretical studies of this period were concentrated on functions and social aspects of literary names (e. g. M. Knappová, M. Majtán). In 1990 the first conference about literary onomastics took place in Prešov (Slovakia). Since 1990’s literary onomastics has been also occupying by literary toponyms or zoonyms. Many diploma theses were written about names in literature. However, there were felt a lack of theoretical and methodological background (R. Šrámek). Important studies were published during last years (D. Hodrová, L. Jungmannová). In 2008 the second conference about literary onomastics was organized in Hradec Králové.
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Pojmenovávací zvyklosti v rodě Vosiků z číhošťské farnosti v letech 1785-1885

100%
Dvořáková Ž.
Acta onomastica
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2012
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vol. 53
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issue 1
65-100
EN
My paper is focused on naming in one stem of my family during the 19th century. The Vosika family lived in parish Číhošť in Bohemia. I have tried to analyse names of children in this family and in the whole parish in 1785–1885. We can observe that the most important factor of the choice of the first name was its popularity. Names of parents or godparents had less influence (with the exception of the last generation). Also dates (and festivals of saints) were not important when naming members of the Vosika family.
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Specifika literárních antroponym

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Dvořáková Ž.
Národopisný věstník
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2010
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vol. 51
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issue 2
453-465
EN
There is not a general agreement which kind of names should be considered to be “literary names”. According to my opinion ALL names in literary work are literary. However, not only proper names are able to identify character, in some cases (depending on the context of the whole story) some appellatives can be interpreted in the same way as proper names. Names create special structure in the text. Recognizing of this structure is a part of reader’s activity during the process of reading. Names can give us information about time and location of the story. We can confront names in literary work with real onomastic system. Literary names can be authentic (calling real historical persons or places), realistic (names existing in real system) and fictive (created by the author). The knowledge of the character is very important for our understanding of names. There are different ways of calling literary persons, animals, living machines or creatures. The last part of my paper is focused on literary names in communication. I distinguish three kinds of communication: inside the text (using names between characters, calling etc.), inter-text (associations with character from another text who have the same name) and social (names from well-known literary works and their using as parts of general culture knowledge).
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Opravník oblíbených onomastických omylů: problematika datací zákonných předpisů o osobních jménech

100%
Dvořáková Ž.
Naše řeč (Our Speech)
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2024
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vol. 107
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issue 2
102-106
EN
The study summarizes mistakes or inaccuracies in the dating of some legal regulations regarding surnames in the territory of today’s Czech Republic. These are the regulations on the immutability of surnames (1770), on the inheritance of surnames (1786) and on the binding form of surnames (1886). In the specialist onomastic literature, we can come across other dates which are, however, incorrect.
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Soupis prací Ludmily Švestkové

63%
Dvořáková Ž.
Acta onomastica
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2017
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vol. 58
213-221
20
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Anthroponomastic research in Hungary, Poland, Czechia and Slovakia

51%
Dvořáková Ž., Farkas T., Walkowiak J. B., Bauko J.
Acta onomastica
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2024
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vol. 65
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issue 1
191-226
EN
The article summarizes the current development in the field of anthroponomastics in the countries of the Visegrad Group (i.e. Hungary, Poland, Czechia and Slovakia). It presents basic monographs and dictionaries dealing with personal names in these countries as well as bibliography of onomastic studies. The paper introduces onomastic journals which are published there, onomastic conferences which take place in these countries, etc.
CS
Článek shrnuje dosavadní výzkum v oblasti antroponymie v zemích Visegrádské čtyřky (tj. Maďarsko, Polsko, Česko a Slovensko). Představuje základní monografie a slovníky zabývající se osobními jmény v těchto zemích, stejně tak i soupisy onomastické bibliografie atd. Dále informuje o vydávaných časopisech a o konferencích, které se tu pravidelně konají.
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