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Earned Value Management a budżetowanie elastyczne kosztów projektu

100%
Kujawski J.
Prace i Materiały Wydziału Zarządzania Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego
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2011
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vol. 1
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issue 2
183-194
EN
The paper presents a comparison of Earned Value (EV) and Flexible Budgeting (FB) in terms of managing project cost. Key performance indicators of cost efficiency characteristic of both methods have been described. Similarities and differences in the approach to the interpretation of schedule variance with relation to base-line budget (EV) and volume variance with respect to static budget (FB) have been emphasized. The significance of budgeted cost of work performed (BCWP, i.e. the earned value) and first flexible budget (FB I) as well as the nature of cost variance in the EV method vs. usage variance and price variance in flexible budgeting have been discussed. Issues of ex ante estimate-to-completion in the earned value method and ex post analytical advantages of cost control of flexible budgeting have also been addressed. In order to enrich the comparison simulation data for a hypothetical project have been applied in the article.
2
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Potrójna cena transferowa i jej sprawozdawcze konsekwencje

100%
Kujawski J.
Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
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2017
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issue 471
288-299
PL
W artykule opisano przypadek empiryczny zastosowania potrójnej ceny wewnętrznej (transferowej) w rozliczeniu kontraktu pomiędzy trzema kooperującymi centrami zysku. Cena potrójna zapobiega zachowaniom dysfunkcjonalnym i konfliktowi wewnętrznemu w organizacji, który polega na niepodejmowaniu współpracy w realizacji kontraktów, gdy są one postrzegane jako zagrażające realizacji celów marżowych centrów zysku. Jako metodę kalkulacji ceny potrójnej zaproponowano zasadę zachowania wskaźnika marży pokrycia, która powoduje zrównanie rentowności kooperujących centrów zysku i powinna wyeliminować niepożądane zachowania menedżerskie. Jako sprawozdanie zarządcze zaproponowano 3-blokowy i 5-stopniowy rachunek marż pokrycia wraz z pozycjami korygującymi i eliminującymi różnice wynikające z zastosowanej ceny potrójnej. W zakończeniu wskazano na możliwość stosowania wielokrotnej ceny wewnętrznej, gdy w transakcji uczestniczą więcej niż trzy centra zysku.
3
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Environmental disclosures in the non-financial reporting of energy companies. Creating a reliable business image or impression management?

63%
Szadziewska A., Kujawski J.
Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowości
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2022
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vol. 46(2)
157-194
EN
Purpose: The purpose of the article is to determine whether and what impression management techniques are used by Polish listed energy-sector companies in their non-financial reporting to possibly create not a true but an embellished image of their operations. Methodology/approach: The research entailed examining the non-financial annual reports published (in Polish) by eight large, listed companies. Both quantitative content analysis, to determine the scope of environmental disclosures, and qualitative content analysis, which focused on the visual and narrative style, were applied. The word count method was also applied concerning the positive (good) and negative (bad) wording used in the reports. Our linguistic analysis took into account both the semantic and inflexion aspects of Polish idiomatic expressions. Findings: We found that the companies exploited various manipulation techniques, both in the visualisation and the narrative used in their non-financial reports. Perfect graphics, blameless narrative style, or dynamic text organisation are among the top positive aspects. At the other end of the scale are aspects such as excessive wording, unnecessary repetitions of various keywords, or the intentional omission of adverse vocabulary. While both sets of techniques are more likely to be applied by bigger entities, smaller companies do not seem to care as much for such details. Research implications/limitations: This research provides a valuable contribution to a better understanding of how companies employ modern narrative-oriented information management techniques relating to readers’ perceptions of non-financial statements. This may lead to enhancing formal requirements concerning the quality of non-financial disclosure in corporate reporting. The research was limited to only eight (all) energy companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange for the financial years 2017–2020. Thus, there is a need to investigate whether other listed companies use impression management techniques in non-financial reporting. Originality/value: This article is the first publication to show how Polish large energy-sector joint-stock companies manage their environmental impression in non-financial reporting. The analysis extends the knowledge on creating a business operations image that is favourable to stakeholders by companies with a high environmental impact. This is of particular importance considering the non-financial reporting obligation that such entities have to meet as per Directive 2014/95/EU.
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