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Ustanawianie unii gospodarczej i walutowej w procesie integracji europejskiej

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Bijak-Kaszuba M., Uniwersytet Łódzki; Wydział Ekonomiczno-Socjologiczny; Katedra Międzynarodowych Stosunków Gospodarczych
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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2012
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vol. 264
EN
Economic and monetary union (EMU) is the most advanced form of international economic integration. The process of establishing the EMU in the European Union was long-lasting and determined by the dynamics of the European integration, as well as by political initiatives. The first attempt to create an EMU, made in early 70., turned out to be a failure, mainly due to insufficient economic integration of the participating economies. The second attempt at monetary integration, in the form of the European Monetary System (the EMS), was relatively successful, as it formally remained in existence during twenty years. However, in practice, the system disintegrated a few years earlier, when it was transformed into a quasi-floating exchange rate regime, following two serious speculative crisises. The underlying reason was again insufficient convergence of the participating economies and resulting divergence of monetary policy pursued by member countries. Together with the establishment of the single European market, came a turning point in the process of monetary integration, for two reasons. First, a substantial advancement of economic integration fully revealed the need for a common currency. Second, operating single market started to create potentially advantageous conditions for future monetary integration. However, it was politics that influenced most the decision to launch the project of the EMU. The accession to the EMU was made dependent on the criteria that have little in common with the optimal currency theory. What’s more, the interpretation of the criteria in the process of evaluation was rather flexible.
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Czynniki określające mobilność technologii w skali międzynarodowej

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Bijak-Kaszuba M., Zakład Międzynarodowych Stosunków Gospodarczych Instytutu Obrotu Towarowego U. Ł.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1981
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vol. 8
EN
Nonmaterial character of technological know-how accounts for its high potential mobility. In reality the technological know-how is not mobile as it could be assumed from Its potential possibilities of dissemination. T hat is due to a number of factors appearing both on the side of the seller and buyer of know-how. The first group of factors — such as degree of the know-how novelty, degree of its complexity, existence or lack of patent protection for a given technology, definite conditions of the market in industrial branch and geographical sense — determines the owner’s propensity to sell technologies and exerts an influence on selection of the technology transfer form. The second group of factors, which includes — first of all — widely understood absorption capacity for technologies, determines preferences of the buyer.
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Preferencyjne porozumienia handlowe a liberalizacja obrotów międzynarodowych

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Bijak-Kaszuba M., Katedra Handlu i Finansów Międzynarodowych U. Ł.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1998
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vol. 146
EN
This paper deals with preferential trading agreements (known also as regional trade arrangements) and their role in liberalization of international trade. Regional trade arrangements make a permanent, dynamic and wide-spread feature of the contemporary world economy. They tend to influence the international trade liberalization in two ways: first, facilitating intraregional trade flows, and, secondly, affecting the multilateral liberalization. Regional liberalization process, expanding world-wide, has achieved a higher degree of fulfilment than what has been accomplished multilaterally, in the G A IT context. As far as the preferential trading agreements affect the world trade liberalization, the results are not explicit. The nature of regional liberalization is always discriminatory in relation to third countries. It implies therefore a relatively greater protection toward imports originating from third countries. However, taking into account some other effects of regional liberalization one can hardly admit it to be detrimental to multilateral trade system.
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Rola międzynarodowej współpracy naukowo-technicznej w warunkach współczesnych

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Bijak-Kaszuba M., Uniwersytet Łódzki K. H. Z.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1985
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vol. 47
EN
The article describes prerequisites of development and forms of the internationals scientific - technical cooperation. Against this background, there is discussed the present significance of this cooperation from the viewpoint of those countries which participate in it. The disproportion between growth of needs in the field of scientific - technical progress and growth of outlays for the is purpose grew wider in the seventies. As a result, the importance of rationalization function of this cooperation was enhanced. This cooperation provides a chance for overcoming the negative consequences of the above mentioned disproportion, and especially as regards countries with a small or average economic potential.
5
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Europejski Obszar Gospodarczy

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Bijak-Kaszuba M., Uniwersytet Łódzki K. H. i. F. M.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1995
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vol. 136
EN
The article deals with a new phenomenon in the international economic relations, namely with the European Economic Area (the EEA) which is to come into force by virtue of the Agreement of association signed in 1992 by the European Communities and the EFTA states. There are mainly economic reasons which underlie the Agreement of association: traditional economic links between the EC and the EFTA states as well as their aiming at an optimal integration area to cope with the challenges of modem economy and international competition. The EEA means a free trade zone applying to manufactures (with limited liberalization of agricultural trade) accompanied by free movement of persons, services and capital. The introduction of ’the four freedoms’ will be connected with setting up of a system ensuring that competition is not distorted. The EEA may be looked upon in two ways: as a stage on the way to full membership of the EFTA stales in the EC or - as an alternative to this membership. There are strong indications for the first option but still the other cannot be excluded
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Teoretyczne skutki regionalnej liberalizacji handlu

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Bijak-Kaszuba M., Uniwersytet Łódzki K. H. i. F. M.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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2002
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vol. 158
EN
Regional liberalization of international trade takes place when a group of countries form a preferential trading arrangement, e.g. a customs union or a free trade area. They lower or eliminate their respective barriers on imports from each other but not on imports from the rest of the world. Such a liberalization affects mutual trade between member countries as well as trade between them and the rest of the world. The effects of a regional liberalization are presented on the basis of the theory of customs unions and are divided in two groups: short-time (static) effects and long-time (dynamic) effects. The former are connected with certain shifts in trade, production and consumption. The latter deal with adjustment processes taking place in opening economies. They are both beneficial and costly for the participating countries.
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