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Aktorzy, relacje i sieci – o współpracy naukowej nie bibliometrycznie

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Czerniawska D., Fenrich W., Bojanowski M.
Nauka i Szkolnictwo Wyższe
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2019
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issue 1-2(53-54)
EN
Scholarly collaboration is relatively well described quantitatively on the macro level thanks to the analyses of large bibliographic databases. At the same time, there are known limitations of the bibliometric approaches to studying collaboration in science. We argue that in orderto improve our understanding of social processes operating in science it is necessary to take a more in-depth look: (1) identify kinds of actors that are recognized as potential partners in collaboration, (2) what features of collaborative relations are considered crucial for en-gaged actors, (3) what kinds of structures of networks composed of collaboration relations actors are embedded in, and what factors influence these structures. With 30 individual in-depth interviews (IDI) with Polish scholars we gathered detailed information about individual collaborations that allowed us to analyze collaborative ties from individual perspective and map respondent-centered networks of collaboration. Scholars identify individuals as well as teams or institutions as collaborators. They also distinguish symmetric and asymmetric collaborations. Structures of respondent-centered collaboration networks are affected by (a) leadership strategies of team principals (especially whether teams are built around positions or individuals); (b) institutional location (by making establishing external collaborations easier for scientists from bigger institutions); (c) scientific degree and recent changes in financing of science (as young scientists receive more freedom from usual organizational hierarchies by receiving substantial grants).
PL
Współpraca w nauce jest względnie dobrze opisywana na poziomie makro dzięki ilościowym analizom dużych baz bibliograficznych. Takie ujęcie współpracy naukowej ma jednak szereg znanych ograniczeń. Stoimy na stanowisku, że, aby poszerzyć wiedzę o procesach społecznych w świecie nauki, konieczne jest bardziej pogłębione ujęcie, które (1) rozróżnia różne typy aktorów społecznych identyfikowanych przez naukowców jako potencjalni współpracownicy, (2) identyfikuje cechy relacji współpracy, które potencjalni współpracownicy postrzegają jako istotne, (3) jakimi strukturami sieci relacji współpracy otoczeni są naukowcy i jakie czynniki odpowiadają za zróżnicowanie tych struktur. Za pomocą 30 wywiadów pogłębionych (IDI) przeprowadzonych z polskimi naukowcami zebraliśmy szczegółowe informacje na temat poszczególnych współpracy, które pozwoliły nam na analizę relacji z indywidualnych perspektyw i rozrysowanie ego-centrycznych sieci współpracy poszczególnych respondentów. Wśród swoich współpracowników naukowcy wymieniają zarówno osoby, jak i zespoły lub całe instytucje. Rozróżniają również współprace symetryczne i niesymetryczne. Struktury ego-centrycznych sieci współpracy są zróżnicowane ze względu na (a) strategie przywódcze kierowników zespołów, szczególnie pod względem tego, czy zespoły są budowane wokół ludzi, czy też raczej wokół pozycji; (b) ulokowanie instytucjonalne poprzez łatwość bądź trudność nawiązywania współpracy z naukowcami z większych ośrodków; (c) stopień naukowy i zmiany w zasadach finansowania, albowiem grant badawczy dla „młodego naukowca” pozwala mu na więcej swobody i oderwanie od lokalnych hierarchii organizacyjnych.
2
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Actors, Relations, and Networks: Scholarly Collaboration Beyond Bibliometric Measures

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Bojanowski M., Fenrich W., Czerniawska D.
Polish Sociological Review
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2018
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vol. 202
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issue 2
167-186
EN
Scholarly collaboration is relatively well described quantitatively on the macro level thanks to the analyses of large bibliographic databases. At the same time, there are known limitations of the bibliometric approaches to studying collaboration in science. We argue that in order to improve our understanding of social processes operating in science it is necessary to take a more in-depth look: (1) identify kinds of actors that are recognized as potential partners in collaboration, (2) what features of collaborative relations are considered crucial for engaged actors, (3) what kinds of structures of networks composed of collaboration relations actors are embedded in, and what PSR202-02factors influence these structures. With 30 individual in-depth interviews (IDI) with Polish scholars we gathered detailed information about individual collaborations that allowed us to analyze collaborative ties from individual perspective and map respondent-centered networks of collaboration. Scholars identify individuals as well as teams or institutions as collaborators. They also distinguish symmetric and asymmetric collaborations. Structures of respondent-centered collaboration networks are affected by (a) leadership strategies of team principals (especially whether teams are built around positions or individuals); (b) institutional location (by making establishing external collaborations easier for scientists from bigger institutions); (c) scientific degree and recent changes in financing of science (as young scientists receive more freedom from usual organizational hierarchies by receiving substantial grants).
3
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Getting a Job: Resources and Individual’s Chances on the Warsaw Labour Market

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Batorski D., Bojanowski M., Filipek K.
Polish Sociological Review
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2015
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vol. 192
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issue 4
475-492
EN
Individuals engaged in the labourmarket use a range of resources embedded in personal networks to improve their chances of getting a new job. Family, friends and acquaintances give access to various resources such as information, knowledge, trust, recommendation, money, etc. that may affect individual’s position on the labour market. Based on data collected with the Resource Generator tool among 9063 residents of Warsaw, we checked how embedded and mobilizable resources of family members, friends, acquaintances (social resources), as well as private resources owned by respondents (personal resources) affect individual’s perceived position on the Warsaw labour market. It was confirmed that chances of getting a job depend on the amount of embedded and mobilizable resources present in personal networks. However, relationship between embeddedness and usability of resources rely on the type of relation (family, friends, acquaintances) maintained by individual. We found that mobilizable resources are perceived as an asset on the labour market, while resources embedded in acquaintances network, that could be just accessed but not used, are considered a threat. At the same time, personal resources of respondents improve perceived chances of getting a new job inWarsaw. The observed dependencies between social and personal, embedded and mobilizable resources prompt a discussion on the shape and role of social capital in the urban labour market.
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