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Polityka bezpieczeństwa energetycznego Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej

100%
Szczurowski M.
Nowa Polityka Wschodnia
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2013
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vol. 1(4)
248-260
EN
China for many years was self-sufficient in meeting their needs for energy. Even in the late 80’s and 90’s of the twentieth century, China had an important place among oil exporters. At the end of the last century, China’s energy situation began to change rapidly, from an exporter it turned into an importer of energy resources. Currently, the amount of oil imported from overseas outweighs the domestic production and the PRC in terms of import is ranked third in the world after the U.S. and Japan. China’s demand for energy has its impact on the relations of this superpower with other countries, and thus affects the state of international relations. An important role is played by the safety implications of obtaining energy. Sea lanes, by which is supplied most of China’s oil from the Middle East, Africa and South America, are patrolled by U.S. naval forces. It strikes at the ambition of Beijing, who wants to play the role of a world superpower, so the program was initiated to increase the presence of the Chinese fleet in the waters of the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean. China’s growing demand for energy has brought it into direct competition with the source of energy for both with the United States and with the countries of Western Europe. Experts are of the opinion that the depletion of oil reserves in the future will lead to a conflict not only between the U.S. and China but this group may include: the European Union, Japan, Brazil and India. Adopted by the Chinese government’s energy strategy for the coming years, mainly includes measures to reform the national energy sector. The main objective is to increase its efficiency, expansion of oil and gas pipelines, and creating a system of institutions responsible for energy policy. It should also be noted intense efforts to diversify energy import sources and types of energy. The strategy of China’s energy security, scheduled for a period of transformation and economic growth is based on the principles of peaceful coexistence in the world. In economic relations with other countries, the Chinese promote dialogue based on achieving mutual benefit. At the same time, they are very consistent, and sometimes ruthless in the realisation of the strategic objectives.
2
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Symbole w przestrzeni politycznej Litwy

100%
Szczurowski M.
Nowa Polityka Wschodnia
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2011
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vol. 1(1)
268-286
EN
Lithuania’s and Lithuanians’ present-day identity is determined, to a large extent, by consciousness formed by symbolic domain. The ways that the symbols are interpreted, understood, formed and used in real life are of great importance to functioning pragmatism of the entire political systems. The symbolism present in the political space of Lithuania can be narrowed down to a portrayal of Lithuanian statehood and nation being a victim of political actions of its neighboring states’ throughout the history. This arrangement together with its achievements forms the basic element of national consciousness of Lithuania and is a significant symbol in its political space. Worth noting is that this symbolism in general is as important to Belarus, its society, culture and the language as it is to Lithuania. Belarus is as equally entitled to Lithuanian heritage and thus to the symbolism of The Great Duchy of Lithuania. Every society holds its own symbolic universe that is made up of all creations, principles and norms of a specific culture. The symbolic field of political culture of Lithuania will most of all be assessed by answering the question of whether and to what extend is the political and civil culture of the Lithuanians capable not only to create its own standards but to adapt the basic cultural principles of the European Union.
3
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Przyczynek do dziejów Armii Polskiej na Wschodzie w latach 1942-1943

100%
Szczurowski M., Świętokrzyska A.
Przegląd Nauk Historycznych
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2002
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vol. 1
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issue 2
EN
Results of investigations above history of the Polish Armed Forces (PAF) in the West was possible to recognize only behind further advanced studies. History of the Polish Army in the East (PAE) introduces modest among others. Lack is introducing study comprehensive history and part which this operational unit played in the World War II. Source base to histories PAE is rich and it is first of all in gen. Sikorski Archive of Polish Institute and Museum in London. Examined archival sources authorize author to performance of hitherto having exist settlements regarding the history of the PAE in years 1942-1943. The article touched problem of organization and training - after evacuation Polish Army in the East from Soviet Union. The Army was organized in constantly changing circumstances of organizational concept and plans, regarding a range of ways of how to use the Army in planned operations with the Allies in years 1943-1944. Moreover the Army was created in no best internal atmosphere among soldiers, what in special way compromised the Polish Armed Forces in eyes of our Allies. Also we have to consider bad physical condition of soldiers evacuated from the USSR and bad climatic conditions, in which it came to train the Army and to fulfill duty by service close to oil pipelines. In such circumstances it came to organize, train and prepare the Army to fight, from which the structures of 2 Polish Corps appeared. Training effort, which the article dedicated particularly much place, concentrated first of all on control new generation equipment sent from British and American deliveries as well as on problem of training thousands' drivers and operators mechanics of vehicles almost in full motorized Army.
4
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Metodologia i metodyka badań historyczno-wojskowych. Studia i szkice, Karol Kościelniak, Zbigniew Pilarczyk (red.), IH UAM, Poznań 2012, ss. 351.

88%
Szczurowski M.
Nowa Polityka Wschodnia
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2012
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vol. 2(3)
354-362
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