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1
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Spatially Integrated Social Research and Official Statistics: Methodological Remarks and Empirical Results on Local Development

100%
Okrasa W.
Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe
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2012
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vol. 15
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issue 4
191-206
EN
This paper aims to elucidate some aspects of confluence of thedevelopments in modern methods of spatial analysis and in the public statistics’data generating processes, along with empirical illustration of theseinterconnections from the development policy evaluation standpoint. Especially,how the growing availability of data at the finest level of territorial division(such as commune/gmina-level data within the Local Data Bank system) mayimprove decisional processes at the regional and local level, while payingspecial attention to allocation of resources assuming geographic system oftargeting public support or intervention. Three interrelated questions that areempirically treated in the context of both β-convergence and σ-convergence issues at the local level involve (i) measurement of the level of local(under)development /local deprivation; (ii) assessment of how responsive andequitable are distributive policies in the domain of area-addressed publicresources; and (iii) evaluation of their impacts in terms of convergence andsocial cohesion, which are among chief objectives of development policy(especially in the ‘new’ EU member states).
2
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Sociological Aspects of the Statistical Research Process: Toward a Sociology of Public Statistics

100%
Okrasa W.
Polish Sociological Review
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2020
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vol. 211
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issue 3
323-344
EN
The statistical process is a multifaceted, socially immersed research process. Statistics as a research activity is-and statistics as a product are-influenced by a variety of factors, covariates, and participants/stakeholders in data generation, analysis, dissemination and use. The aim of this paper is to identify and systematize key elements of the socio-cognitive status of statistics and of relations between statistics and society. To this end, a conceptual meta-model of the statistical process, involving an interwoven “logic of method” and “logic of action,” provides a framework for the exploration of statistics from the perspective of sociology. Given that social, cultural, and political conditions affect the quality of statistical products and the status of statistical institutions, sociological study seems especially well suited to dealing with the complexity of the issues involved. To be successful, however, advances in the sociology of statistics are also desirable.
3
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Migration and the status of 'stranger' in a homologously interpreted local space

100%
Okrasa W.
Journal of Modern Science
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2021
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issue 2/47/2021
285-306
EN
ehT aim of this article is empirical exploration of the dependence of the status of a 'stranger' on the local and social context. In that context s/he acts as a partici of migration process that represents dynamics of the locally relativised attrib of the environment / 'localisation'. eTh thesis statement concerns the interference of constitutive ecological, organizational, cultural and symbolic dimensions i the social space. uThs the paper verifies validity of the subsequent hypotheses that 'environment' (coexistent attributes, fields, characteristics) that constitute the confi uration of the 'homological structures' as defined by Pierre Bourdieu and specific for particular local communities inuflences perception and attitude towards a strang ehT operationalisation of such complex constructs, along with the contextualisation o the migration phenomenon involving the stranger-environment relationship, leads t the adoption of an interdisciplinary research perspective that in addition to sociol includes geographic economy, demography and spatial statistics. eTh analysis of the aforementioned dependencies requires a multi-source database from various survey and administrative data (the Local Data Bank of the Statistics Poland). eTh result of the analyses confirm that the main determinant of the attitude towards a stran (as a migrant) and their status in the changing environment is the local social spa (interpreted in a homologous way).
4
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Spisy ludności w Stanach Zjednoczonych i statystyka imigracji z Polski – perspektywa metodologiczno-historyczna

100%
Okrasa W.
Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician
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2021
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vol. 66
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issue 6
27-49
EN
Censuses of population and housing in the United States are of particular interest to experts in many disciplines – in addition to statisticians, also to demographers, political scientists, sociologists, historians, and even psychologists and anthropologists. This is so not only because of the long history of US censuses (the first census in the US was carried out in 1790) or methodological innovations, but due to immigration responsible for the dynamic population growth, and to the specific purpose of the census, which is ensuring the proportional (according to the numer of inhabitants) distribution of seats in the lower chamber of Congress and federal funds (apportionment), guaranteed by the US Constitution. The heterogeneity of the American society, both in the racial-ethnic and religious-cultural sense, in addition to the above considerations, raise questions about the purposes of those changes and directions for improvement in subsequent censuses. The aim of the article is to present the problems and challenges related to censuses in the USA. The paper focuses on methodological and operational solutions that can be implemented thanks to several improvements, including the progress in the fields of statistics and technology. The paper also discusses the issues of credibility of the census data, based on the example of immigration from Poland and the Polish diaspora in the USA.
PL
Spisy powszechne ludności i mieszkań w Stanach Zjednoczonych (USA) stanowią obiekt zainteresowania ekspertów wielu dyscyplin – poza statystykami również demografów, politologów, socjologów, historyków, a nawet psychologów i antropologów. Jest tak nie tylko z racji długiej tradycji prowadzenia tych badań (pierwszy spis odbył się w 1790 r.) czy innowacji metodologicznych. Na wyjątkowość spisów przeprowadzanych w USA składają się także skala imigracji odpowiedzialnej za dynamiczny wzrost liczebności populacji oraz specyficzny cel spisu, jakim jest konstytucyjny warunek zapewnienia rozdziału liczby miejsc w izbie niższej Kongresu oraz dystrybucja środków federalnych proporcjonalnie do liczby mieszkańców (apportionment). Te uwarunkowania, wraz z uwzględnieniem heterogeniczności społeczeństwa amerykańskiego zarówno w sensie rasowo-etnicznym, jak i religijno-kulturowym, nasuwają pytania o źródła zmian i kierunki usprawnień w kolejnych spisach. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie problemów i wyzwań związanych ze spisami powszechnymi w USA. Skoncentrowano się na rozstrzygnięciach o charakterze metodologiczno-operacyjnym, możliwych do wprowadzenia m.in. dzięki rozwojowi statystyki i technologii. Omówiono także zagadnienie wiarygodności danych spisowych na przykładzie imigracji z Polski oraz Polonii amerykańskiej.
5
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The influence of inter-sector relationships on public resource allocation: Does the level of community deprivation count? An evaluation approach

63%
Okrasa W., Witek B.
Zarządzanie Publiczne
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2013
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issue 4(24)
PL
This paper examines empirically a policy question whether or not there is a significant effect of the character of the relationships between the third sector organizations and public administration units for distribution of public resources at the local community level (gmina orcommunes). The key issue concerns the role of NGOs in making the level of community deprivation – measured by multidimensional index of local deprivation (MILD) – a factor in allocating resources to gmina (in the form of various subsidies accrued to it). An evaluation of the relative importance of the two competing criteria, equity andefficiency – which are typically, at least implicitly, involved in distribution of public resources – is conducted using public statistics data from the Bank of Local Data for years 2008 and 2010. Since it is usually assumed that the former remains of focus of the third sector units while the latter seems to remain under responsibility of the administration, one may expect that the type of relations between them will affect the prevalence of one of the two criteria over the others, without. however, knowledge of the circumstances conducive to it. Indeed, the results of empirical analysis reveal a clear pattern of the dependency –public resources obtained by gminas are shown to be on average both ‘need-adjusted’ and efficient when the relations are positive in character (however, not unconditionally – for instance, it is not true in the case of European Union’s funds).  And that there is a form of complementarity between the above mentioned principles (equity and efficiency) under a certain pattern of interaction between non-profit organizations and administrative units at the local community – some of the circumstances suitable for such a desired type of effects are discussed in the paper.
6
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Wkład polskiej myśli statystycznej w rozwój światowej statystyki

63%
Domański C., Okrasa W.
Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician
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2019
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vol. 64
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issue 12
68-81
EN
The aim of the paper is to present the achievements of selected Polish statisticians, including the precursors of the Polish statistical thought, who significantly contributed to the development of statistics as a scientific discipline with versatile applications to many fields of research. The authors’ intention was to emphasize the value of this input, its significance for science and its considerable impact on the development of the applications of statistical methods to other disciplines. The article is structured around three theses, which concern, respectively: the role of statistics as a key discipline in the processes of the interdisciplinarisation of empirical sciences, diverse conditions in which the Polish statistical thought has developed (e.g. the partitions of Poland), and its influence on the shape of modern statistics.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie dorobku wybranych przedstawicieli polskiej statystyki, w tym jej prekursorów, którzy wnieśli znaczący wkład w rozwój statystyki jako dyscypliny naukowej o wszechstronnych zastosowaniach w wielu dziedzinach badań. Intencją autorów jest podkreślenie wartości tego dorobku w przekonaniu o jego doniosłym znaczeniu naukowym oraz silnym oddziaływaniu na rozwój zastosowań metod statystycznych w innych dyscyplinach. Artykuł opiera się na trzech tezach, dotyczących: po pierwsze, roli statystyki jako koronnej dyscypliny w procesach interdyscyplinaryzacji nauk empirycznych, po drugie, zróżnicowania warunków, w jakich rozwijała się polska myśl statystyczna (m.in. pod zaborami), i po trzecie, wpływu tej myśli na kształt współczesnej statystyki
7
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Subjective and community well-being interaction in multilevel spatial modelling framework

63%
Okrasa W., Rozkrut D.
Statistics in Transition new series
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2019
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vol. 20
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issue 4
167-179
EN
Analysing the cross-level interaction between individual and community well-being requires a joint involvement of both 'vertical' and 'horizontal' perspectives. While multilevel modelling separates the effects resulting from personal characteristics from those resulting from community features, the need to account for spatial variation and geographic membership proves that space and place matter, too. In this paper, the explicitly-spatial multilevel model has been developed to this effect, namely to identify both types of effects, space and place-related, using the hierarchical (nested) data structure for the smallest administrative units – NUTS5/LAU2, i.e. communes (gminas). In their analysis, the authors employed two methods for measuring well-being: (i) individual (subjective) well-being measure derived from the nation-wide Time Use Survey data, which they occasionally replaced with 'life satisfaction' type of self-reported measures, and (ii) multidimensional index of local deprivation composed of eleven domain-scales. The spatial multilevel modelling has been extended by an attempt to assess what effect spatial interaction has on cross-level relationships. Its inclusion in the discussion with which this paper concludes seems recommendable, as it indicates the need for more systematic efforts towards a spatially-integrated approach to this kind of modelling problems.
8
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Przestrzenne aspekty rozwoju innowacyjnego w gminach: wyznaczniki przedsiębiorczości społecznej

63%
Okrasa W., Kober M.
Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician
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2021
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vol. 66
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issue 12
54-74
EN
Social innovation is the main factor of social entrepreneurship. The study focuses on the analysis of this kind of local communities’ activity designed to improve the quality of life of their members. The aim of the article, in accordance with the overarching research thesis, is to show the special importance of the spatial dimension and the significant role of place (location) in the analysis of entrepreneurship and social innovation. In order to identify the differences between the resources of endogenous development, which uses the potential of territorial units (here: rural communes as opposed to municipalities), a set of relevant indicators was selected. The study used data for 2017 from the Local Data Bank of Statistics Poland. The results of the analyses confirmed the view, prevalent in the literature, that rural communes, especially those located further from large agglomerations, have a comparatively weaker potential for entrepreneurship. At the same time, thanks to the application of spatial statistics methods, a tendency to form clusters was observed among communes developed to a similar extent and displaying a similar potential for entrepreneurship. In other words, what was observed was the ‘neighbourhood effect’, which, however, varied in intensity across the country’s regions.
PL
Innowacja społeczna jest głównym czynnikiem przedsiębiorczości społecznej. Niniejsze opracowanie koncentruje się na analizie określanych tym mianem działań społeczności lokalnych w ramach dążenia do poprawy jakości życia ich członków. Celem artykułu jest ukazanie – zgodnie z nadrzędną tezą badawczą – szczególnego znaczenia wymiaru przestrzennego i roli miejsca (lokalizacji) w analizie przedsiębiorczości i innowacji społecznej. Aby zidentyfikować różnice pomiędzy zasobami rozwoju endogenicznego, bazującego na potencjale własnym jednostek terytorialnych – tu: gmin wiejskich w porównaniu z gminami miejskimi – dokonano wyboru zestawu odpowiednich wskaźników. Wykorzystano dane z BDL GUS za 2017 r. Wyniki analiz potwierdziły przeważający w literaturze pogląd o stosunkowo słabszym potencjale gmin wiejskich, szczególnie tych położonych w oddaleniu od dużych aglomeracji. Zastosowanie metod statystyki przestrzennej pozwoliło zaobserwować zarazem tendencję do występowania klastrów (tworzenia się skupisk) gmin o podobnym poziomie rozwoju i potencjale w zakresie przedsiębiorczości społecznej, czyli efekt sąsiedztwa, aczkolwiek z różnym natężeniem w różnych regionach kraju.
9
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Flow management system for maximising business revenue and profitability

51%
Zawada P., Okrasa W., Warchalowski J.
Statistics in Transition new series
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2020
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vol. 21
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issue 5
193-206
EN
Most for-profit organisations must constantly improve their business strategies and approaches to remain competitive. Many of them choose to embark on Lean or Six Sigma journeys with the intention of maximising productivity and increasing sales. Despite a significant progress in the development of the Big 3 Improvement Methodologies (Lean, Six Sigma, Theory of Constraints - TOC), many manufacturers are still involved in ineffective operations, resulting in longer-than-desired lead times, late deliveries, high inventories and considerable operational costs. All of these business errors seriously challenge the company's competitiveness. The aim of the paper is to demonstrate the importance of effective analysis of maintaining the appropriate level of inventory in gaining a competitive advantage of the company using the company's key resources in the competitive struggle on the market while conducting continuous reporting of reasons for not achieving the assumed business goals, and using the principles of the economy of bandwidth in order to maximize the profitability.
10
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The Post-Conflict Reconstruction of the Statistical System in Ukraine. Key Issues from an International Perspective

45%
Rozkrut D., Okrasa W., Osaulenko O. H., Belkindas M. V., Wasserstein R. L.
Statistics in Transition new series
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2023
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vol. 24
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issue 1
1-12
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