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EN
Contemporary relations between Germany and Central and Eastern Europe are determined by several factors. After the reunification of Germany, the country experienced some of the difficulties of the political and economic transformation due to the need to adjust conditions in the five eastern federal states, which allowed successive German governments to understand better the experience of the Central European states. Another factor influencing Germany's involvement in this region of Europe is its geographical proximity and the resulting interest in the stabilization of this region. After the accession of Central European countries to the European Union, Germany became a link between the old and the new, Western and Eastern Europe. In intra-EU relations there arise increasingly frequently certain more or less institutionalized intermediate entities, situated between the level of the EU and the Member States. The Visegrad Group and the Three Seas Initiative that associate the countries of Central and Eastern Europe are examples of such cooperation forums. The aim of the article is to analyze the perception of both these international bodies in the German political space. The hypothesis that in relations with the V4 and 3SI Germany follows pragmatism, not perceiving the V4 and 3SI as competitors or closest partners, will be tested. The article is based on qualitative research methods, primarily the content analysis method, institutional-legal and comparative methods,
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Kompetencje budżetowe Parlamentu Europejskiego

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EN
The purpose of this article is to present the role of the European Parliament in the process of adoption, management and control of EU’s funds. The following sections will discuss: EP powers to decide on the budget for 70s; then the powers of Parliament to decide on the budget from the 70s to the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty, and the third point of the European Parliament’s budgetary powers following the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon. The conclusions and observations of the author will be presented at the end of the article. The evolution of the EU budget – payments and expenses associated with an increase in the competence of Parliament – the institution of an advisory nature at its origin to today’s main position beside the Council of the European Union legislature. It can be considered that just the influence on budget expenditure was the beginning of the development of this institution to become a real representative of EU citizens and their interests.
EN
When studying the phenomenon of political leadership in the European Union, one must take into account both the treaty solutions and political praxis. The subsequent analysis may lead to some interesting conclusions. One such conclusion illuminates the fact that the category of political leadership in the EU differs from the understanding of this phenomenon at the state level. In the EU, there are several operators exercising political leadership. Both at the intergovernmental level and the supranational cooperative level. The EU is an example of an organization that employs a distributed model of political leadership as a result of treaty solutions which in turn confirms the praxis.
EN
The Visegrad Group (V4) was formed with the aim to support Central European countries – Poland, Czechoslovakia (since 1993 the Czech Republic and Slovakia) and Hungary in their efforts to join NATO and the European Communities. V4 had to redefine its role and tasks after 2004 having achieved the set objectives in the first years of its existence. The new format of the Visegrad Group made provisions for a close cooperation between member states within the European Union. The strategy of combining potentials of the V4 states in negotiations on the EU level is based on reasonable assumptions, as it may lead to an increased significance of the region in the decision-making process. The article discusses the genesis and evolution of the V4 up to 2004. Next there is presented Visegrad cooperation in the field of the Common Foreign and Security Policy of the EU. The text analysis specific issues projecting the safety of Europe in recent years. The analysis of the commitment of V4 in the shaping of the EU CFSP will be based on source materials, mainly on documents produced by the authorities of the Visegrad Group such as presidency programmes, statements, declarations and annual reports.
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