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PL
W niniejszym artykule podjęto tematykę miejsc pochówku zwierząt. Problem został omówiony w odniesieniu do terenu Polski na tle przykładów z zagranicy. Współczesne grzebowiska dla zwierząt powstają w naszym kraju od niedawna i mimo że cmentarze dla zwierząt są u nas stosunkowo nowym zjawiskiem, to już teraz można dostrzec ich typowe cechy przestrzenne. Autorka, na co dzień zajmująca się zagadnieniami z dziedziny architektury, starała się opisać i ocenić grzebowiska pod kątem zagadnień z interesującej ją problematyki: cech położenia, układu przestrzennego, wielkości parcel, z jednej strony unifikowania, a z drugiej – indywidualizowania grobów. W trakcie badania zjawiska, jakim są cmentarze dla zwierząt w Polsce, okazało się, że niezaspokojona potrzeba emocjonalna jest głównym motorem sprawczym ich powstawania, ważnym elementem pracy stało się więc omówienie ich genezy i formy własności.
EN
This article deals with the topic of animal burial sites. The problem was discussed referring to the territory of Poland against the background of examples from abroad. Modern pet cemeteries have been created in our country for a short time, and their issue has not been discussed in any detail so far. Despite the fact that animal cemeteries are a relatively new phenomenon in Poland, it is already possible to notice their typical spatial features. The author, who deals with issues in the field of architecture on a daily basis, tries to describe and evaluate the pet cemeteries from the following angle of interest: location, spatial layout, parcel size, unification, and, on the other hand, the individualization of graves. In the course of the study of the phenomenon of cemeteries for animals in Poland, it turned out that the unsatisfied emotional need is the main driving force behind their formation, so an important element of the work became the analysis of their genesis and form of ownership of pet cemeteries.
XX
The end of the Great War created multiple patronage opportunities, organized and distributed by the state. The development of modern art deepened art critics’ pejorative view on allegory, but this type of work still supported legitimacy of the reborn state, the achievements of Polish propaganda abroad and consolidation of the patriotic tradition. The interwar era was the time when the majority of the significant official decoration was created, by artists of modern art and even avant-garde artists. Twelve projects were qualified to the final stage of competition aimed at selecting the paintings to be placed in Sejm (House of Parliament). Zofia Stryjenska, Stanislaw Kaczor Batowski, Wlastimil Hofman, Stanislaw Gajewski, and Jan Wydra, just to name a few, took part in this contest. Two first prizes were awarded to Ludomir Slendzinski and Jozef Mehoffer, two second ones to Kazimierz Sichulski and Bronislaw Bartel. The winning works have been criticized as failing to comply with the official character of the interior. Even repetition of the competition was proposed. Finally the paintings have not been created. Between 1929 and 1938 amateur painter Antoni Tanski (1874–1943) created a painting of Polonia for the hall of the Sejm; the painting is currently located in the Jasna Gora Monastery in Czestochowa. Competition for the paintings for the hall of the Sejm underlined the value of allegory in updating the historical narration. By referring to the centuries-old tradition of performances, fear of regained independence and the new political and social organization of the Second Republic of Poland was expressed.
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EN
The article presents a theoretical shadow economy model based on Cobb-Douglas production function with decreasing returns to scale. The whole economy is divided into formal and informal sector with each enterprise operating in only one of the sectors. The size of shadow economy is measured with ratios of informal to formal production, informal to formal employment and informal to formal capital. The influence of main parameters (the difference between wages in formal and informal sectors, corporate income tax rate, labour elasticity of output and capital elasticity of output) on shadow economy is then analysed.
PL
W artykule postawiono hipotezę o dodatnim efekcie aglomeracji netto w podregionach Polski w latach 2000–2005. Efekt aglomeracji netto to relatywnie nowa koncepcja teoretyczna, która objaśnia przestrzenne zróżnicowanie aktywności ekonomicznej. Do prowadzonych analiz wykorzystano funkcję koncentracji produkcji w wersji zaproponowanej przez Cicconego i Halla. Hipotezę weryfikowano za pomocą metod ekonometrycznych. Wielowariantowe pomiary dały niejednoznaczne rezultaty. Metody panelowe okazały się nieefektywne w odróżnieniu od metod pool. Jako aproksymantę poziomu technicznego gospodarki zastosowano skumulowaną liczbę patentów. Wybór patentów krajowych spośród wariantów pool umożliwił zredukowanie problemów związanych z korelacją zmiennych objaśniających. To podejście pozwala na wyciągnięcie wniosków o dodatnim efekcie aglomeracji netto.
EN
The authors put a hypothesis of positive net agglomeration effect in Polish subregions in 2000–2005. The net agglomeration effect is a relatively new theory explaining spatial differences in economic activity. A production concentration function suggested by Ciccone and Hall is used in analysis. The hypothesis was verified with econometric methods. Multiple scenarios gave ambiguous results. Panel methods appeared to be ineffective, as opposed to pool methods. Cumulated number of patents was used as an approximation of the level of technical development. Among pool scenarios, domestic patents allowed to reduce problems connected with co-relation of explanatory variables. This approach gives conclusions about positive net agglomeration effect.
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