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1

ZAMEK CZORSZTYN ZABYTKOWA RUINA W PARKU NARODOWYM

100%

Stępień P. M.

Ochrona Zabytków

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2005

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issue 1

5-28

EN

Researchers have acknowledged that the oldest fortress on the site of the present-day castle was built during the third quarter of the thirteenth century and became known as “Wronin”. The castle named “Czorsztyn”, expanded and redesigned upon numerous occasions starting with the fourteenth century, played the part of a custom house, the seat of the office of a starosta not associated with the castletown, and a royal residence located next to an important route to Hungary. In 1629-1643 starosta Jan Baranowski, the count of Jastrzębiec, basically redesigned the object. The downfall of the castle began with its devastation in 1734-1735, and final collapse was caused by a fire which broke out in 1790. From that time on, the castle remained a ruin. This was the state in which it was discovered by nineteenth-century tourists and artists, becoming part of the Polish Romantic tradition. Attempts at preserving the ruins were made already during the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century by the owners of the castle, members of the Drohojowski family. A natural reserve was created in 1921 after rare (endemic) species of plants were found amidst the ruins. During the 1950s limited preservation work was conducted after the monument was taken over by the State Treasury. Changes in the surrounding environment caused by the construction of an artificial water reservoir made it necessary to embark upon wider conservation undertakings, realised since 1992 by the present-day administrator of the monument, i. e. the Pieniński National Park, according to projects by Piotr M. Stępień, an architect, and Dr. Stanisław Karczmarczyk, an engineer. The basic conservation premise accepted by all the variants and stages of the project is to preserve the characteristic silhouette of the ruins of Czorsztyn Castle in view of its above mentioned role played in Romantic tradition and connections with the protected landscape of the Pieniny Mts. The process of securing relics uncovered in the course of research and opening the ruins to visitors calls for the introduction of roofs, stairs and gangplanks within the object. From the viewpoint of construction, the basic method of protection proved to be the recreation of selected elements of the historical ceilings, arches, etc., supplemented by means of injections and roof bolting in the case of threatened fragments of the walls. The author lists the reasons and consequences of resorting to this particular method. Heretofore efforts have managed to maintain the accepted conservation premises. The correctness of the selected conservation trend is confirmed by the large numbers of visitors and their approval for the object. By using the example of Czorsztyn, the author analysed the conservation of historical ruins, claiming that the threats posed to historical ruins include the doctrine of non-intervention and unhampered fantasy. As a rule, a radically conceived principle of nonintervention signifies consent to the annihilation of the historical ruin in the near future. A similar threat is posed by reconstruction which enters into the domain of fantasy, unsupported by iconography or the outcome of architectural research. By restoring the utilitarian and technical value of the given object, such reconstruction destroys its historical merits, sometimes irreversibly. A wide field of professional solutions located between those two radical attitudes, makes it possible to preserve an object without losing any of its historical qualities.

2

WYBRANE PROBLEMY KONSERWACJI I EKSPOZYCJI ANTYCZNYCH ZABYTKÓW RZYMU

100%

Stępień P. M.

Ochrona Zabytków

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2005

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issue 4

5-26

EN

Almost the entire area of contemporary Rome contains classical buildings whose fragments had been incorporated into later structures or whose relics remain concealed underground. The author discusses their conservation upon the basis of of selected different objects. Trajan's column, the Column of Marcus Aurelius, the Arch of Constantine, the Arch of Septimus Severus and the Arch of Titus are examples of large-scale marble historical monuments, subjected to thorough conservation during the 1980s. The differences between their present-day state are the consequence primarily of the threat posed by the pollution of the natural environment caused by street traffic. On the other hand, the subterranean complex of relics in Domus Aurea is damaged by moisture. In the case of the Colosseum, in which samples of the elevation have been cleaned, the author accentuates respect for patina and the authenticity of the monument, an approach characteristic for the Italian school of conservation. The article discusses the programme of conserving such archaeological complexes as the Forum Romanum, the Palatine and the Imperial Fora. In the latter case, an essential element of the programme was the arrangement of the Imperial Fora Museum in the Halls of Trajan. The author underlines the fact that new elements had been introduced into the classical structure of the building in such a way as to avoid dominating it. Plans for building a third line of the Roman Underground propose an exposition area conceived as a link between the stations and the archaeological protection area. The author considers the work conducted in the Capitoline Museum (i.a. a new showroom for the statue of Marcus Aurelius) and plans for further development, which foresee the creation of a whole district of museums in the environs of the Capitol. He goes on to discuss the expansion of Museo Nazionale Romano – a project for redesigning the main museum seat in the Baths of Diocletian, an exposition in the Planetarium Hall, and new departments in Palazzo Massimo alle Terme, Palazzo Altemps and Via delle Botteghe Oscure (the Balbi Crypt) – together with building Ara Pacis, a new museum designed by Richard Meier. Summing up: effective in situ protection of classical large-scale monuments, especially marble objects threatened by atmospheric factors, has still not been satisfactorily resolved. This may be the reason why a network of archaeological museum expositions, conceived as an essential component of the contemporary town structure, is being created with such great consistency and impetus. The expositions aim at a an attractive and comprehensive presentation of architectural elements and works of art near the sites in which they were discovered and in connection with a display of relics of the buildings. In contrast to a tendency which originated in the 1930s, and consisted of isolating classical monuments and “cleaning” them of all later stratification, the present-day trend aims at showing the monuments within a complete historical context.

3

Rapid serological tests for SARS-CoV-2 IgG/IgM – not worth attention?

51%

Krygier R., Stępień P. M., Zarębska-Michaluk D.

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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2021

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vol. 34

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issue 2

203-209

EN

ObjectivesCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) had spread worldwide since December 2019 and became a pandemic in March 2020. The diagnosis of an active infection is based on the real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) from the nasopharyngeal swab specimen. The aim of the current analysis was to assess the usefulness of the rapid serological tests for diagnosing SARS-CoV-2 infections.Material and MethodsThe rapid serological tests detecting IgG/IgM antibodies for SARS-CoV-2 were voluntarily performed in asymptomatic employees of 2 companies. The examination was conducted at the date and time selected online by the study participants. The testing team consisted of 2 nurses collecting the samples and 1 doctor who interpreted the results. Each positive rapid test result was verified by an RT-PCR examination from a nasopharyngeal swab. The testing kits named Vazyme: 2019-nCoV IgG/IgM Detection Kit (Colloidal Gold-Based) were provided by the employer along with the manual and certificates.ResultsThe overall interest in testing among employees was below the employer’s expectations and reached 30% and 20% in each of the 2 companies, respectively. A total of 516 participants were included in the analysis. Ten positive results of the rapid tests were documented, including 7 for IgM and 3 for IgG antibodies. No positive result was confirmed by the detection of the genetic material of the SARS-CoV-2 by the RT-PCR examination.ConclusionsHerein, the authors demonstrated the uselessness of rapid serological tests performed in asymptomatic volunteers for diagnosing SARS-CoV-2 infections.

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2 Ochrona Zabytków

1 International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

3 Stępień P. M.

1 Krygier R.

1 Zarębska-Michaluk D.

1 2021

2 2005

ZAMEK CZORSZTYN ZABYTKOWA RUINA W PARKU NARODOWYM

WYBRANE PROBLEMY KONSERWACJI I EKSPOZYCJI ANTYCZNYCH ZABYTKÓW RZYMU

Rapid serological tests for SARS-CoV-2 IgG/IgM – not worth attention?