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EN
One of the tasks of the State Sanitary Inspectorate, established to protect people’s health against adverse effects of environmental harmfulness and nuisance, is to fight against production and sales of functional analogues, referred to as designer drugs. In his article, the author presents the duties and mandate of the State Sanitary Inspectorate in this area, the binding legal regulations and judicature of administrative courts. The author also discusses the changes to legal regulations proposed by the European Commission, aimed at making access to substitute substances more difficult.
EN
From the perspective of new institutionalism, this article studies the rules of doing business in Poland in the context of the country’s accession to the European Union. The article’s starting point is the premise that interaction between formal and informal institutions leads to an institutional balance or imbalance and determines the final shape of the economy and its effectiveness. Accordingly, the authors analyze four types of relations occurring between the formal and informal rules of doing business in Poland: (1) the influence of the restrictiveness of regulations on informal relations between the public administration and business; (2) the relation between the low effectiveness of the law in regards to running a business and informal adaptive reactions; (3) the effects of EU law on business strategies; (4) the effects of the global economy on the extent and forms of cooperation between the public administration and business. Analysis of empirical material provides a basis for constructing four institutional models of the rules of doing business in Poland: the ‚antagonistic’ model, in which the administration and business are striving for mutually exclusive goals; the ‚parallel’ model, where formal and informal institutions create separate orders; the ‚alternative’ model, in which formal, new, EU solutions are created; and the ‚integrated’ model, where actors are encouraged to realize common aims.
EN
The article deals with the issue of structural and cohesion funding by the European Union in Poland. Although all funds for the first programming period 2004–6 were allocated, the process did not occur without problems. Therefore, in our paper we point to the weaknesses of the system and some of the crucial barriers that hindered efficient fund allocation: faulty institutional and legal framework, bureaucracy, corruption and personnel deficits. We base our findings on research of interviews carried out in four regions of Poland. Referring to Niklas Luhmann’s theory of autopoietic system, we sketch an image of an unevenly differentiated political system, in which administration and politics prevail over the underdeveloped and weak public, incapable of counteracting trends of politicization and expanded bureaucracy. By showing evolution and reproduction of the system, we relate to its deficits and their importance to future use of the flow of EU funds.
PL
Celem artykułu jest analiza konsekwencji, jakie dla szerszego porządku społecznego niosą praktyki związane z parkowaniem w przestrzeni wielkomiejskich osiedli. Procesy społeczno-przestrzenne na osiedlach mieszkaniowych są analizowane z perspektywy teorii praktyk społecznych oraz relacyjnej koncepcji granic i różnic społecznych Fredrika Bartha. Badania terenowe prowadzone na czterech osiedlach mieszkaniowych w dwóch polskich miastach metodą studium przypadku doprowadziły do odkrycia, że praktyka społeczna nazwana przez nas parkingowaniem jest jednym z głównych obszarów życia sąsiedzkiego. Składające się nań wiązki działań i wypowiedzi układają się w trwałe wzory relacji o charakterze organizacyjnym, normatywnym i klasowo-warstwowym, które prowadzą do kształtowania wspólnot parkowania w ramach osiedli.
EN
The main aim of the article is the analysis of the consequences of car parking practices in the urban housing estates for wider processes of social structuration. The authors examine socio-spatial processes from the perspective of the theory of social practices and Fredrick Barth’s relational theory of social differences and boundaries. The analysis is based on the material gathered during fieldwork in four housing estates in two Polish cities. The conducted case studies have revealed that a social practice of parking is one of the major spheres of neighbourhoods’ social life. The practice consists of arrays of doings and sayings which compose relatively stable patterns of relations. These, in turn, have organizational, normative and class consequences, which constitute “communities of parking” in the estates that can be called parkinghoods.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest zaufanie i jego formy w kontekście indywidualnej aktywności gospodarczej. Autorzy zastanawiają się, do jakich konkretnych form zaufania (osobistego, uogólnionego) sięgają przedsiębiorcy w różnych sferach swojej działalności, jakie są przyczyny ich wyborów oraz ich skutki dla prowadzenia biznesu. Problematyka zaufania analizowana jest w trzech podstawowych sferach działalności przedsiębiorców: prawa, kontaktów z urzędnikami i relacjach z innymi przedsiębiorcami. Postawiona zostaje teza, że na skutek uwarunkowań historycznych, w tym utrwalonego systemu funkcjonowania państwa i prawa, a także sposobu tworzenia przepisów o działalności gospodarczej, wśród polskich przedsiębiorców wytworzyła się uogólniona nieufność wobec prawa, administracji państwa i innych przedsiębiorców. Badania w formie indywidualnych wywiadów pogłębionych z ponad 100 przedsiębiorcami z czterech województw Polski Południowej potwierdzają, że instytucje państwa, prawa oraz administracji państwowej stanowią w Polsce przeszkodę w budowaniu uogólnionych form kapitału społecznego i generują brak zaufania, zamiast przyczyniać się do wzmacniania postaw obywatelskich i wytwarzać uogólnione zaufanie do innych (także partnerów biznesowych). Przy deficycie zaufania uogólnionego, przedsiębiorcy muszą zatem wypracowywać rozmaite strategie budowy, stającego się podstawą nawiązywania kontaktów gospodarczych, osobistego zaufania (zarówno w stosunku do innych przedsiębiorców, jak i urzędników), co jednak drastycznie podnosi tzw. koszty transakcyjne prowadzenia firmy.
EN
This article deals with trust in the context of doing business. Authors are particularly interested in what forms of trust (personal, generalized) Polish entrepreneurs resort to in various spheres of their activity, what are the grounds for their choices and what consequences they have for their own businesses. The problem of trust is analyzed in 3 major areas: legal regulations of business, contacts with public officials and relations with other companies. Authors claim that, due to historical background, including an established legal framework and ways of state functioning and lawmaking in business activity, generalized distrust towards the law, public administration and other companies has emerged among Polish entrepreneurs. Qualitative research in the form of over 100 in-depth interviews with entrepreneurs from 4 voivodeships of Southern Poland corroborate the hypothesis, that the state (and legal) institutions, as well as state administration interfere with building generalized forms of social capital and generate social distrust, instead of contributing to reinforcing civic attitudes and generating generalized trust towards others (including business partners). With deficits of generalized trust, companies need to come up with various strategies of building personal trust (towards other entrepreneurs and public officials). Therefore, personal trust becomes a basis of establishing business relations, which, in turn, drastically increases so-called transaction costs of doing business.
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