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EN
The current left-right dichotomy permanently organizes the perception of politics by the Polish society. This thesis is confirmed both in academic discourse as well as in the results of public opinion polls. In that context, it becomes extremely important to determine the understanding of the left and the right in relation to the electoral preferences of the Poles. The thesis and the hypotheses were verified in a process of analyzing the variables obtained in the present study, carried out in 2008–2015 on a representative sample of the adults. The results partially confirm the thesis. Compatibility between the understanding the left-right dichotomy and the characteristics of the doctrines depends on the electoral preferences of the respondents, but not for followers of all analyzed batches. The most consistency and compatibility with the model of doctrinal understanding of these concepts can be found in the preferences of the Democratic Left Alliance electorate. In the Law and Justice electorate, the understanding of the analyzed concepts is incomplete and only partially consistent with the declared right wing preferences, whereas, the biggest ideological disorientation can be noted among supporters of the Civic Platform. Undoubtedly, the voters’ perception of the political scene through the lens of the division between the left and the right is still effective and valid.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy udziału prezydenta Republiki Litewskiej w procedurze ustawodawczej na gruncie obowiązującej Konstytucji przyjętej w referendum z dnia 25 października 1992, a także, tytułem wstępu i w bardzo ograniczonym zakresie, na tle poprzednich uregulowań konstytucyjnych, począwszy od odzyskania niepodległości przez Litwę dnia 16 lutego 1918 r. Konstytucja Republiki Litewskiej zapewnia prezydentowi udział w stanowieniu prawa już na etapie inicjatywy ustawodawczej, a także przy promulgacji ustaw, która wiąże się z obowiązkiem podpisania i ogłoszenia ustawy, ewentualnie zwrócenia ustawy do Sejmu w celu jej ponownego uchwalenia (weto). W treści artykułu przedstawione zostały konkretne regulacje konstytucyjne dotyczące tych instytucji, jak również wątpliwości, które mogą powstać bądź powstały na gruncie tych przepisów. W tekście uwzględniono również przepisy innych obowiązujących ustaw oraz regulaminów, w zakresie, w jakim wyznaczają one ramy korzystania przez prezydenta z jego kompetencji w procedurze ustawodawczej. Z uwagi na odrębność uregulowań ustawy zasadniczej oddzielnie omówiono kwestie związane z udziałem prezydenta w zmianie bądź uzupełnieniu Konstytucji.
EN
The paper describes the participation of the president of the Republic of Lithuania in the legislative procedure, in relation to the Constitution in force adopted by the referendum on October 25th, 1992. The paper also presents the president’s participation regarding former constitutional regulations, starting from restoration of Lithuania’s independence on February 16th, 1918. This is presented mainly as an introduction and in significantly limited scope. The Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania stipulates that the President participates in establishing law as early as at the stage of the legislative initiative, and also at the promulgation of the acts which is related to the obligation to sign and promulgate the act, respectively to refer it back to the Seimas in order to have it reconsidered (a veto). Particular constitutional regulations related to those institutions, and also the doubts that may arise or have arisen due to those laws, have been presented in this paper. The regulations of other acts and laws in force have been also described in the paper regarding determining the rights that the President may exercise in relation to his or her competences in legislative procedure. Due to the separateness of the basic law regulations, the issues related to the President’s participation in the change or amendment of the Constitution have been discussed severally.
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