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Analysis of the most popular online BAC calculators

100%
Jama D., Sekuła K., Zuba D.
Problems of Forensic Sciences
|
2023
|
issue 136
EN
In order to check their sobriety after drinking alcohol, drivers can use applications available online that perform prospective estimation of alcohol content, called ‘alcomat online’ or ‘BA C calculators’. The aim of the study was to analyse the method of performing calculations using ‘BA C calculators’ available on the Internet and to assess their reliability. The five most popular ‘calculators’ found in the Google search engine and a commercial one were analysed. The applications were tested by entering data on 10 cases of alcohol consumption by people were tested for alcohol content in exhaled air using the Alcotest 7510 analyser and alcohol curves were plotted for them. Then, real ethanol concentrations and complete ethanol elimination times for these people were compared with values calculated by the applications. The analysed ‘calculators’ base their calculations on various principles. Both the maximum alcohol concentrations and the time of their occurrence varied among the applications, but all seem to use the alcohol distribution coefficient established by Widmark. The use of individual elimination rates ranging from 0.12 to even 0.3‰/h was also observed. The time for complete alcohol elimination indicated by the applications was in most cases longer than the actual time. Online applications such as the ‘BA C calculator’ available to Polish users may be helpful tools for determining the time of complete elimination of alcohol from the body. However, due to the different calculation methods used in applications, which sometimes lead to different conclusions, they should be approached with great caution. These applications will not replace reliable sobriety tests, e.g. analysis of exhaled air.
2
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A comparison of prospective calculations with experimental alcohol curves

100%
Jama D., Sekuła K., Zuba D.
Problems of Forensic Sciences
|
2021
|
vol. 128
EN
In cases requiring determination of the ethanol content of a person involved in a road incident, expert opinions are often based on prospective calculations. Declarations regarding the amount and type of alcoholic drink consumed are used to calculate the concentration of alcohol in the body and to correlate the results obtained with those of sobriety tests. alcohol concentration estimated using a prospective calculation should correspond most accurately with the ethanol content in the body. It is therefore desirable to identify the appropriate model of prospective estimation, which is accomplished here by comparing the most common methods of alcohol calculation used by forensic experts. The study involved five people aged 29–64 (two women and three men) who were given alcohol in an amount leading to a theoretical ethanol concentration of 1‰in their bodies. In this paper, we plotted the alcohol curves and compared the experimental (real) ethanol concentration with the theoretical values calculated by the various methods. The best correlation between the results of prospective calculations and real ethanol concentrations was obtained for the method that assumes an immediate elimination from the beginning of consumption (used routinely by the authors) and for the method that assumes an absorption time of 30 minutes and a 10% alcohol deficit (the difference between the theoretical and actual ethanol concentration).
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Trends of the cannabis market in Poland over the last decade

88%
Masier K., Sekuła K., Byrska B., Stanaszek R., Wrzesień-Tokarczyk W.
Problems of Forensic Sciences
|
2023
|
issue 136
EN
Cannabis is the most widely used drug. In recent years, interest in cannabis has grown significantly. Over the last decade, the number of cannabis users worldwide has increased by almost 21%, reaching approximately 219 million people in 2021. Cannabis cultivation covers practically all regions of the world. In recent years, 151 countries have reported cannabis cultivation, both outdoors and indoors. The increased growth of the latter is particularly observed in North America and Europe. Global data shows that in 2021, 5,226 tons of marihuana and 2,014 tons of hashish were confiscated. An increase in seizures of cannabis products is observed in Europe and Poland. Another trend concerns the increasing content of the psychoactive substance Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) in cannabis plants. According to UNODC data, over the last 25 years there has been a 4-fold increase in the content of Δ9-THc in cannabis. Over the last decade, the average content of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in marihuana seized in Europe has increased approximately twice, and in hashish three times. The aim of this work is to assess potential changes in the content of the main psychoactive ingredients in cannabis in Poland in the last decade (2012–2022), based on expert opinions developed by the Institute of Forensic research in Kraków. The conducted analyses confirmed the trends observed around the world. In the last ten years, the number of cases in which the drug-type cannabis was detected increased from 5.3% to 68.4% of total number of illicit drug cases examined for the presence of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and new psychoactive substances. An increasing trend in the content of Δ9-THC in the drug-type cannabis was also noted. Over the last decade, the average total content of Δ9-THC increased almost three times and in 2022 reached 12%. This is due to the growth of cannabis cultivation in Europe, carried out using the technique known as sinsemilla, genetic modifications, as well as the appearance on the market of the feminized cannabis seeds.
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