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EN
Financial institutions in Poland represent both fair and unfair approach to retail market customers. There are numerous reasons for such a mixed policies, including: knowledge dominance over customers, association of profits as high business value, bank brands changeability in merger and acquisition processes, constructing similarities in financial products to fast moving consumer goods (FMCG), significant hurry in introducing changes and policies, and selling risky financial products under association of conservative banking. The article presents numerous cases caused by those reasons. The key assumption of the publication is that the mixed fairness policies towards customers are based on errors in management systems of financial institutions. Improvement of management systems could be a source for more transparent policies in this area and better market effects. The article analyses opportunities to establish standardization of management systems in the area of fairness towards customers and indicates the truck to reach the goal. Standardization and certification of management systems in this area is considered as reasonable solution for market confidence decline after the financial crisis.
EN
The article presents the results of measurements of the competitive advantages of four Central European countries in attracting foreign direct investment to industry prior to European Union accession. Central Europe, which used various tax and social incentives, is compared in this area with EU countries in 1998-2004. The key conclusion of the study is that foreign investors derive economic benefits from moving production to Central Europe, both thanks to more favorable corporate income tax rates and lower labor costs. Generally, the differences in tax rates tend to be less important than the overall level of tax rates in the host country. A critical role is played by differences in labor costs among countries and the overall share of labor costs in the investor’s own country. The greater the differences in pay rates and the higher the share of labor costs in the product, the more profitable it is for the investor to transfer production to Central Europe. This issue is examined with the use of a model based on six variables. The model is used to calculate the tax and social prevalence of the four Central European countries over 14 EU countries on the basis of available data. The indices show profit per 1 euro of value-added industrial production transferred from the 14 EU countries to the four Central European countries in select years of the 1998-2004 period.
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