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Remarks on the admissibility of the choice of law for domestic contracts prepared on the basis of the judgment of the European Court of Justice of 8 June 2017 (C-54/16)

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Widło J.
Głos Prawa. Przegląd Prawniczy Allerhanda
|
2018
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vol. 1
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issue 1-2
34-59
PL
Artykuł zawiera analizę skutków wyboru prawa dokonanego przez strony w umowach o charakterze międzynarodowym oraz w umowach, które zamykają się w obszarze jednego państwa i nie zawierają elementu obcego, który uzasadniałby stosowanie norm kolizyjnych. Podstawą do dokonanej analizy jest wyrok TSUE z 8 czerwca 2017 r. w sprawie C-54/16, Vinyls Italia SpA w upadłości a Mediterranea di Navigazione SpA, w którym Trybunał uznał, że przepisy rozporządzenia upadłościowego są przepisami lex specialis wobec rozporządzenia Rzym I o prawie właściwym dla zobowiązań umownych. Daje to zdaniem Trybunału kompetencje stronom do dokonania wyboru prawa – prawa państwa trzeciego (członkowskiego) w tym przypadku prawa angielskiego – ze skutkami wyboru kolizyjnego w umowach, w których nie występuje element obcy – w tej sprawie umowy czarteru morskiego statku włoskiego pomiędzy dwoma spółkami włoskimi (z siedzibą we Włoszech). Autor wyklucza możliwość istnienia relacji lex specialis – lex generalis pomiędzy rozporządzeniem upadłościowym i Rozporządzeniem Rzym I. Wskazuje także na kierunek wykładni – liberalny – występowania elementu obcego w ramach umowy. Artykuł zawiera wniosek, że drogą poszerzania autonomii woli stron jest materialnoprawna zasada swobody umów.
EN
The article focuses on the issue of the choice of law made by the parties to a contract in the situation of the conflict of laws. It includes an analysis of the effects of the choice of law made by the parties in an international contract and in contracts that are limited to the area of one state and do not include a foreign element which would justify the application of conflict-of-law rules. The basis for the analysis is the judgement of 8 June 2017 in case C- 54/16, Vinyls Italia SpA, in liquidation, v Mediterranea di Navigazione SpA, in which the Court of Justice ruled that the provisions of the insolvency regulation are the lex specialis provisions with respect to the Rome I regulation on the law applicable to contractual obligations. In the opinion of the Court of Justice, this gives the parties the competencies to elect the applicable law – the law of a third country (a member state), in this case the English law – with the effects of the choice of law in contracts that do not include a foreign element – in this case the charter contract of an Italian ship concluded between two Italian companies (with registered seats in Italy). The article explores and excludes the possibility of the lex specialis – lex generalis relationship between the insolvency regulation and Rome I. Both regulations have separate scopes of regulation. It also indicates the liberal direction of the interpretation of the occurrence of a foreign element in a contract. The conclusion is that in order to extend the autonomy of the will of the parties, it is necessary to apply the substantive principle of the freedom of contracts, not the choice of law, which is related to conflict-of-law situations.
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Glosa do uchwały składu siedmiu sędziów Sądu Najwyższego z 22 października 2019 r., sygn. akt I NSNZP 2/19

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Widło J.
Przegląd Sejmowy
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2020
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issue 3(158)
263–274
EN
The commentary refers to the resolution of seven judges of the Supreme Court – the Extraordina- ry Control and Public Affairs Chamber of 22 October 2019, ref. no. I NSNZP 2/19, where an an- swer was provided to the legal question on “the right to monetary compensation on the grounds of Article 448 of the Civil Code for a close person of an injured party who suffers a serious and permanent health disorder as a result of criminal offence”. The resolution is of a breakthrough and precedent nature, as it precludes admissibility of protecting the legal value in the form of “family ties” via constructing personal rights and demand for compensation on the grounds of Article 448 of the Civil Code, which is a departure from the established line of jurisprudence. The commentary approves of the issue of qualifying family ties, nonetheless it points to the ne- cessity of legislative amendments in the future, so as to allow the protection of closest family members in cases of the most drastic violation of their rights. It also refers to the possibility of using other legal institutions to protect family ties without the need to refer to the construction of personal rights.
3
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Zabezpieczenia rzeczowe dotyczące spółdzielni w orzecznictwie sądowym – wybrane zagadnienia

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Widło J.
Przegląd Sejmowy
|
2021
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issue 4(165)
205-219
EN
The article presents the issue of securing cooperative claims against the background of selected judgments of the Supreme Court. Such claims may be secured by establishing a mortgage, a registered pledge or the transfer of ownership for security. A cooperative, especially a housing cooperative, may be a beneficiary of such securities as a creditor. The assets of a cooperative can also be encumbered. It is not possible to establish security on a real estate with an unclear legal status. Establishing a mortgage on a separate ownership of the premises for which a land and mortgage register cannot be established is excluded. In a case of a title transfer for security, it is crucial to contractually define the mechanism of clearance for the parties and the issue of the so-called oversecuring.
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