Despite the passage of time, the literary output by Jean Genet keeps arousing controversy in both critics and readers. It is due to the contents of his works which reflect the private life of a man who is determined to separate himself from the world of “decent people” and to live among the “aristocrats of Evil”. The present study discusses the interference of various rituals that occur in Genet’s prose writing, full of villains and vagabonds. It analyses five novels: Our Lady of the Flowers, The Miracle of the Rose, Funeral Rites, Querelle of Brest and The Thief’s Journal. The main goal is to describe how those rituals are connected to one another and why Evil can be perceived as a driving force. To present a vast range of this problem, the paper takes into consideration a number of religious, erotic and criminal elements. Key words: prose works, rituals, religion, eroticism, Evil, delinquency
In the very beginning of the 17th century appears a famous legend of the Wandering Jew named Ahasverus, who is characterised by some immutable features. Since then, the story has inspired various artists and despite the passage of time it keeps on arousing a great interest among both writers and readers. The main goal of the present study is to compare the collective protagonist from The Book of Abraham, a twentieth century novel by Marek Halter, to the legendary figure. Therefore, we present a vast and accurate picture of the interactions between the Jewish protagonists from Halter’s novel to the features typical of Ahasuerus.
This article seeks to analyze three novels by Jean Genet: Our Lady of the Flowers (1943), Miracle of the Rose (1946) and The Thief’s Journal (1949). Its main goal is to verify how the game with discursive techniques applied by Genet allows him to create a diegetic universe inspired by his private life and, therefore, to conduct a role-playing game, undertaken for ideological and ontological purposes. In order to carry out his plan, the author takes into account not only tools related to the poetics of a literary work but also selected aspects of an autobiographical pact aiming at persuading the reader of an “apparent truth” of the literary text. The study of these elements shows that the universe in Genet’s novels is, on the one hand, inspired to a certain degree by the reality, on the other hand, used to construct a narrative space where a continuous game with the truth and falsehood is located in the foreground.
FR
Le présent article se propose d’examiner trois romans de Jean Genet : Notre-Dame-des-Fleurs (1943), Miracle de la rose (1946) et Journal du voleur (1949). Son objectif principal est de vérifier comment le jeu des techniques discursives appliquées par Genet lui permet de créer un univers diégétique inspiré par sa vie privée et de réaliser ainsi le jeu de rôles qu’il assume à des fins idéologiques et ontologiques. Pour effectuer son analyse, l’auteur prend en considération avant tout les outils liés à la poétique de l’œuvre littéraire, mais aussi les aspects choisis du pacte autobiographique visant à persuader le récepteur de la « véracité apparente » du texte littéraire. L’étude de ces éléments montre que l’univers romanesque de Jean Genet, d’une part, s’inspire à un certain degré de la réalité, d’autre part, sert à construire un espace narratif où un jeu continu entre le vrai et le faux est mis au premier plan.
Celem artykułu jest próba odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy program Dom Kultury+ Inicjatywy lokalne Narodowego Centrum Kultury może być skutecznym narzędziem wspierania rozwoju lokalnego kapitału społecznego? Poszukiwaniu odpowiedzi na to pytanie posłużyło m.in. badanie sondażowe przeprowadzone na potrzeby niniejszego opracowania wśród beneficjentów programu – tj. dyrektorów i pracowników domów, ośrodków i centrów kultury biorących udział w programie.
In the numerous extant scores of Chopin’s works that were once used by his students during piano lessons with the composer, there are many pencil annotations made by Chopin himself. To date, however, we know about the collected scores belonging to only a few of the more than one hundred pupils of Chopin. we may assume, therefore, that other documents of this sort still await discovery. The present article discusses six copies of Chopin first editions from the University Library in Toruń containing pencil annotations similar to those found in copies known to have been used by the composer for teaching his students. The annotations have been subjected to meticulous analysis of both the form of the handwriting (numbers, letters, notes, etc.) and the content. of key significance were comparisons with Chopin’s annotations in scores of unquestioned authenticity, primarily from the collections of jane Stirling, Camille dubois and Ludwika jędrzejewicz. The research brought to light a document of primary importance: a copy of Kistner’s Leipzig first edition of the Nocturnes, op. 9. In the first two nocturnes, more than one hundred annotations of various kinds were identified: ornamental variants (a few of them previously unknown), octave reinforcements of bass notes, corrections of misprints, slurs and other articulation marks, marks of dynamics, pedalling and fingering, and slanted crosses. Most of them display characteristic features of Chopin’s handwriting and a high level of consistency with the substance of annotations found in other scores known to have been used for teaching. It is the first known instance of Chopin annotations in a german edition; one is also struck by the number and variety of the entries. Authentic annotations are also to be found in two other sets of nocturnes: in the first editions by Schlesinger of op. 15 and by Breitkopf & härtel of op. 27. The Nocturne in F major, op. 15 No. 1 contains fingerings notated in a way that is characteristic of Chopin, the correction of a printing error and a number of minor performance markings. In the Nocturne in d flat major, op. 27 No. 2, the entries cover fingerings and changes to pitch and rhythm: corrections of errors or earlier versions, as well as a single variant. It appears highly probable that the annotations are genuine. The most interesting annotation in the copy of the first german edition of the Mazurkas, op. 41 is a variant inscribed beneath the music that adds another five bars to the ending of the Mazurka in A flat major, No. 3. This variant, published by jan Kleczyński in his edition of The Mazurkas in 1882, has not been known before in its autograph form. The identity of the person who owned these annotated copies in Chopin’s time remains unknown.
PL
Zachowane liczne egzemplarze dzieł Chopina, z których jego uczniowie korzystali na lekcjach z mistrzem, zawierają wiele ołówkowych naniesień pisanych ręką kompozytora. Dotychczas znane są jednak zbiory egzemplarzy tylko kilkorga spośród ponad setki uczniów Chopina. Pozwala to przypuszczać, że inne tego rodzaju dokumenty czekają jeszcze na odkrycie. Artykuł omawia sześć egzemplarzy pierwszych wydań utworów Chopina z Biblioteki Uniwersyteckiej w Toruniu, zawierających ołówkowe wpisy podobne do znanych z Chopinowskich egzemplarzy lekcyjnych. Przeprowadzono drobiazgową analizę wpisów, zarówno grafiki pisma (cyfr, liter, nut i in.), jak i treści merytorycznej. Kluczowe znaczenie miały porównania z Chopinowskimi naniesieniami w egzemplarzach o niepodważalnej autentyczności, przede wszystkim ze zbiorów należących do Jane Stirling, Camille Dubois czy Ludwiki Jędrzejewicz. W wyniku analizy ujawniono dokument pierwszorzędnej wagi, jakim okazuje się być egzemplarz lipskiego pierwodruku Kistnera Nokturnów op. 9. W pierwszych dwóch nokturnach zidentyfikowano ponad sto różnego rodzaju wpisów: warianty ornamentalne (w tym kilka zupełnie nieznanych), wzmocnienia oktawowe nut basowych, poprawki błędów druku, łuki i inne oznaczenia artykulacyjne, znaki dynamiczne, pedalizację, palcowania, ukośne krzyże. Większość wykazuje cechy graficzne typowe dla pisma Chopina i dużą zgodność merytoryczną z naniesieniami w znanych egzemplarzach lekcyjnych. Jest to pierwszy znany przypadek Chopinowskich adnotacji w wydaniu niemieckim, wyjątkowa jest także duża liczba i różnorodność wpisów. Autentyczne naniesienia występują także w dwóch innych zeszytach Nokturnów: w pierwodruku Schlesingera op. 15 i Breitkopfa i Härtla op. 27. Nokturn F op. 15 nr 1 zawiera zapisane w sposób charakterystyczny dla Chopina palcowania, poprawkę błędu druku i szereg drobnych oznaczeń wykonawczych. W Nokturnie Des op. 27 nr 2 wpisy obejmują palcowania i zmiany tekstu wysokościowo-rytmicznego – poprawki błędów lub wcześniejszych wersji oraz jeden wariant. Prawdopodobieństwo autentyczności tych wpisów wydaje się bardzo wysokie. Najciekawszym wpisem w egzemplarzu pierwodruku niemieckiego Mazurków op. 41 jest dopisany pod tekstem nutowym wariant, przedłużający o 5 taktów zakończenie Mazurka As nr 3. Wariant, opublikowany przez Jana Kleczyńskiego w 1882 r. w redagowanym przez niego wydaniu Mazurków, nie był dotychczas znany w postaci rękopiśmiennej. Nie wiadomo, kto mógł być właścicielem tych egzemplarzy w czasach Chopina.
The present article seeks to analyse the figure of the Wandering Jew in five 20thcentury French novels (Carnet de route du Juif errant by Alexandre Arnoux, Les Entretiens d’Ahasvérus by Louis de Launay, Marches du Juif errant by Henry-Jacques, Jésus raconté par le Juif errant by Edmond Fleg and Histoire du Juif errant by Jean d’Ormesson). Its main goal is to answer the question to what extent the original image of the Jew is reproduced in the abovementioned prose works. In order to carry out his plan, the author takes into account the crucial and stereotypical characteristics which constitute the very nature of the Jewish vagabond. He tries then to point out major differences between the five novels and the popular version of the Ahasverian legend. The study of those elements shows that contemporary texts related to the immortal man break off with the traditional version of the legend and thus bear testimony of the so-called “death of the myth”.
Environmental protection policy is a multi-faceted issue which interests researchers in different branches of knowledge. The implementation of solutions of the environmental protection may take different forms among which are legal instruments. One of those legal instruments is the environmental protection policy. The aim of this article is to analyse this policy and to evaluate its functioning in the Republic of Poland as one of the public policies. Furthermore, a crucial part of this article is to define the environmental protection policy, national environmental policy and its legal bases. What is more, the article will present the analysis of purposes, directions and areas included in the Polish National Environmental Policy - 2030. To make this analysis complete it is required to indicate symptoms of the sustainable development in the environmental protection policy. As a main tool of consideration, the dogmatic-legal method, has been used. The analysis of the main topic consists of legal acts and literature on the subject (containing Polish and foreign scientific publications).
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