This article uses the bootstrap panel Granger causality to analyse the link between the Producer Price Index (PPI) and Consumer Price Index (CPI) in ten Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries. The result of cross-sectional dependency and slope homogeneity shows that PPI and CPI vary in different countries. However, the result indicates that PPI influences CPI in the sense of Granger causality in five CEE countries; namely, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia. The findings support the moderate inflation model in the significant countries, which explain that PPI is a primary contributing factor of CPI. On the other hand, CPI has a significant impact on the PPI only in Hungary. The results are useful for policy makers of these countries to formulate inflation targeting policies with greater attention towards the PPI.
In this paper, we investigate whether the knowledge capital model (Carr Markusen and Maskus, 2001) is satisfied in Slovakia by applying the bootstrap rolling window subsample test to examine the causal relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and exports (EX). This method provides more accurate evidence of a connection between these two variables considering structural changes. The empirical results show a positive correlation between FDI and EX and support the vertical FDI in the knowledge capital model in most sample periods. When FDI rises, EX will increase accordingly and vice versa. In addition, FDI exerted a negative effect on EX in 2011, which is attributable to the relative state of the situation at home and abroad. The findings illustrate that FDI and EX benefit from the free economic institution reforms and inexpensive resources. Therefore, the Slovakian government should improve tax reforms and maintain the stability of legislation to achieve mutual promotion between FDI and EX.
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