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Polityka Wielkiej Brytanii wobec pierwszych powojennych inicjatyw integracyjnych Europy Zachodniej i USA

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Janiec Z.
Myśl Ekonomiczna i Polityczna
|
2010
|
issue 2(29)
93-152
EN
The article discusses the United Kingdom’s policy towards the first post-war integration initiatives of Western Europe and the United States. It was a special period in the history of the European integration. Then, for the first time in the history of Europe, there were real opportunities for practical implementation of at least some of the numerous integration ideas. The initiators and authors of projects to unite Europe were various political organizations of Western Europe and the government of the United States. The United Kingdom was a world superpower at that time and because of various reasons it had to take an ambivalent stand on the issue of Western European integration. On account of the specificity of its international interests, which are thoroughly analyzed by the author, this state could not actively participate in the European integration trend. However, it was not in the British interest to sabotage the integration undertakings of the continental part of Western Europe either. In such circumstances, the United Kingdom forced through a policy of close co-operation between Western European countries as an alternative to integration ideas. Until 1954 the British policy towards continental integration initiatives can be described as very effective. The United Kingdom skillfully managed to hold up the use of post-war American aid to Europe as a form of stimulus for Western European integration (European Recovery Program – Marshall Plan). As a result of its policy, an authentically European parliamentary assembly, aimed at initiating and stimulating European integration process through grass-roots social pressure on governments (Resolution of the Hague Congress), did not take place. The political and diplomatic successes determined the British assessment of prospects for the European integration and British possibilities to influence the process of Western European unification. They made British politicians incorrectly – as it turned out – believe that the United Kingdom could successfully halt attempts of supranational integration by forcing through an idea of co-operation of sovereign states. After a few years there were no doubts that the assessment had been wrong. In this case traditional attitude towards international politics did badly in comparison with new realities, i.e. an innovative integration trend.
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Rozwój międzynarodowej aktywności Unii Europejskiej. Wymiar instytucjonalny, przedmiotowy i przestrzenny

100%
Janiec Z.
Myśl Ekonomiczna i Polityczna
|
2011
|
issue 1-2(32-33)
96-112
EN
After the Lisbon Treaty had come into life, the European Union created a new-old institution called the European External Action Service. It is in fact a change of the name of the Union’s former diplomatic service and letting some fresh ethnic air into it – an addition of a new element, i.e. “experienced” diplomats from Member States’ Ministries of Foreign Affairs. As a result, the excessive organizational mess was limited (vide: two separate representations in the UN Headquarters) and the status of the service was raised (its own budget, one superior). The author presents a broad characteristic of the Union’s old and new diplomacy objectives and tries to assess its effectiveness
3
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Kryzys finansowo-gospodarczy akceleratorem zmian w światowym systemie politycznym

100%
Janiec Z.
Myśl Ekonomiczna i Polityczna
|
2011
|
issue 3(34)
60-87
EN
The author of the article aims to answer a question if and to what extent the financial and economic crisis of 2008 – 2010 has influenced the lineup of political forces in the world. The research method consists in determining the relations between the dynamics and the direction of changes in the global lineup of economic forces and the global political system. The results of the conducted research confirm the rightness of the thesis that there is a varied level of influence of economic factors on the political position of states and groups of states. The latest crisis only slightly weakened the leading position of the United States in the world. It is true that a noticeable growth of countries formerly included in the co called South appeared in the global politics, but the United States still plays the role of an unquestioned leader in the world. The crisis had the biggest influence on the European countries and weakened their political position in the international politics. During the crisis, the role of China in the world politics increased considerably but it was also due to other factors that are not important any longer (the Olympic Games in Beijing, the World Expo in Shanghai). The crisis has not changed the lineup of forces in the world. Only a modification of a multi-polar system has taken place but, as before the crisis, it is led by the United States.
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