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1

Trudne początki teorii gier: Zermelo i Steinhaus. Analiza porównawcza pierwszych badań z zakresu rozwiązywania problemów matematycznych o postaci gier

100%
Adamus M.
Kwartalnik Filozoficzny
|
2012
|
vol. 40
|
issue 4
99 - 108
EN
This article presents the first problems that were analyzed in a manner that would a few years later be embraced by the expression game theory. Both texts are earlier than the book of Oskar Morgenstern and John von Neumann, but in my opinion both should be considered as fundamental and inspiring sources of the framework of the game analysis. The article of the Polish mathematician, Hugo Steinhaus, was almost unknown until the late sixties, due to the language it had been written in, and it still remains generally unknown even in Poland. I make an effort to show similarities of intellectual climate in Lwów as well as in other scientific centres, as well as to draw attention to Polish successes in an area that at the time was only an idea, not a ready and finished concept.
2

Konwencjonalne ujęcie strategii w rozstrzyganiu problemów koordynacyjnych

100%
Adamus M.
Kwartalnik Filozoficzny
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2012
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vol. 40
|
issue 1
143 - 166
EN
This article show how communication through language can be expressed in terms of game theory. The general idea and the main line of argumentation is based on David Lewis’ book Convention (Lewis 1969) and more recent works on game theory that develop the concepts of cooperation and equilibrium. The term agreement, in the sense given to it by game theory, is used to show how to justify the thesis of the conventional nature of language. In the first part of the article some general notions of game theory are presented. Game theory is supposed to examine strategies chosen by rational agents in order to obtain preferred outcomes and is thus a good tool for describing and predicting human behaviour. It applies to situations when subjects operate reasonably, taking into account the behaviour of other rational subjects, and thus can also be used in situations of language communication. Sustaining conventionalism with game theory is possible primarily because it satisfies two basic conditions: it is both a description and a justification. Only within a complex system is it possible to explain the normative character of language, which, like utility, is only a simplified scheme. Through the analysis of coordination problems and the use of the principles of rationality and utility, it is possible to anticipate the behaviour of agents. In this context normativeness should be regarded as striving for balance, and even if another way of understanding is a deviation of the system, it still can be explored and explained within it.
3
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Ekonomia altruizmu - o racjonalności zachowań prospołecznych

100%
Adamus M.
Diametros
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2018
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issue 57
1-22
EN
This paper presents considerations on altruism and prosocial behaviour formulated on the basis of some experiments with the ultimatum game. In the first part it will discuss relations between expected utility theories, the characteristics of homo oeconomicus and a modern understanding of altruism. It will focus in particular on conceptual differences, indicating that we can find more than one definition of altruism in modern literature. The second part of the text will provide an overview of selected behavioural theories of prosocial behaviour. It will also present the manner in which needs, social determinants, norms, and individual psychological features affect the propensity to behave in a prosocial fashion.
4

WHO DOESN’T TAKE A RISK, NEVER GETS TO DRINK CHAMPAGNE: WOMEN, RISK AND ECONOMICS

100%
Adamus M.
Človek a spoločnosť. Internetový časopis pre pôvodné teoretické a výskumné štúdie z oblasti spoločenských vied
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2018
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vol. 21
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issue 2
16 - 30
EN
This paper provides an overview of studies, mainly experimental, on risk aversion of women and men. First, it discusses results indicating greater risk aversion among women and linking it with biological characteristics. Then it lists studies refuting these differences or pointing to sources other than biological. The entire discussion will be framed in the context of Identity Economics (IE) suggesting that women’s risk preferences may be linked with identity and thus also with normative requirements placed on them. The main aim of the study is to examine whether commonly accepted claims are not persistent stereotypes and whether differences arise out of social, cultural or contextual rather biological causes. It presents arguments supporting the hypothesis that women are a varied group and their risk attitudes are sensitive to even slight contextual alterations. The main subject of the paper is risk aversion – one of the most important factors believed to differentiate women from men and affecting their incomes, social status and generally professional success. The main aim of the study is to demonstrate that risk aversion is not absolute and immune to manipulations. The paper shows that women are a much more diverse group than many papers claim and risk attitudes are sensitive to slight modifications, including used measures, and is strongly affected by social and cultural factors.
5

APPETITES GROW WITH AGE: WAGE EXPECTATIONS AMONG SLOVAK MEN AND WOMEN

63%
Adamus M., Ballová Mikušová E.
Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)
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2021
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vol. 69
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issue 9
885 – 906
EN
The present study investigated whether gender differences in wage expectations (reservation wage and expected wage level after probation) could be considered as a reliable explanation of the gender wage gap. First, whether women are willing to accept lower wage offers than men do was examined. Then socioeconomic and demographic factors that affect wage expectations in relation to a post of a regional manager in a winery were identified. A total of 381 Slovaks (201 female) participated in the study. Generally, women and men stated similar wage expectations despite significantly different actual incomes. Next, correlation analysis showed that reservation wage was positively related to personal income and masculinity controlling for age (the expected wage level after the probationary period was not related to any of the measured variables), whereas hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed personal income and masculinity as significant predictor of reservation wage. Finally, after dividing participants into age quartiles, ANOVA revealed that with increasing age wage expectations increased as well.
6

STEREOTYPES CONCERNS AND DISCREET EXISTENCE OF DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN IN RISK-AVERSION – A REPLICATION STUDY

51%
Adamus M., Grežo M., Dudeková K.
Studia Psychologica
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2021
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vol. 63
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issue 3
221 – 251
EN
The present research conceptually replicates and extends the results of a study on the relation between individuals’ sex, their risk attitudes and stereotype threat (Carr & Steele, 2010). The authors reported that differences between men and women in risk aversion emerged only after activating negative stereotypes about women’s performance in mathematics. A total of 321 Slovaks, whose are randomly assigned to control or experimental treatments, answered questions on their risk aversion, anxiety, analytical reasoning and gender self-concept. We expected to observe differences between men and women only after activating stereotypes. Aware of the issues with the consistency of different risk aversion measures, we investigated whether the effect of stereotype threat on risk aversion differs across three different risk aversion measures. Additionally, we explored whether this effect depends on how the stereotype threat is activated (explicit vs. implicit activation). Finally, to explain the mechanism through which stereotypes foster women’s risk aversion, we explored the moderating effect of gender self-concept and mediating effects of anxiety and analytical reasoning on the relationship between stereotype threat and risk aversion. In general, the study found no differences between men and women in risk aversion and did not replicate the original effect of stereotype threat on risk aversion.
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