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Zagrożenia dla bezpieczeństwa dzieci zamieszkujących w strefie konfliktu na wschodniej Ukrainie

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Dębowski T. R.

Nowa Polityka Wschodnia

2020

vol. 1(24)

136–153

Publications on the conflict in eastern Ukraine rarely describe the situation of children living in the combat zone. More attention is paid to the political, economic and military aspects of this confrontation. The author has set himself two goals. The first one is to check how the war affects the biological and mental aspects of children’s lives. The second is an attempt to answer the question whether there is a possibility of improving the situation of minors. The paper on the problematic system is divided into three parts. The first part draws attention to the following problems: difficulties with access to medical care, increased incidence of infectious diseases, growing drug addiction, drinking water pollution, as well as the threat of unexploded ordnance. The second part describes: threats to mental health of children, socialization problems (pre-school and school education, family crisis, shaping of national identity), as well as participation of child soldiers in the conflict in Donbass. The last section of the article contains conclusions. The considerations were prepared on the basis of carefully verified materials in English, Ukrainian and Polish. Many publications were downloaded from the websites of international organizations, analytical centers and scientific institutions.

публикациях, посвященных конфликту на востоке Украины, редко описывается положение детей, живущих в зоне боевых действий. Больше внимания уделяется политическим, экономическим и военным аспектам этого противостояния. Автор поставил перед собой две цели. Первая – выяснить, как война влияет на биологи¬ческие и ментальные аспекты жизни детей. Вторая цель – это попытка ответить на вопрос, есть ли возможность улучшить положение несовершеннолетних? Текст статьи состоит из трех частей. В первой части обращается внимание на проблемы трудного доступа к меди¬цинскому обслуживанию, роста заболеваемости инфекционными заболеваниями, роста наркомании, загрязнения питьевой воды, а также угрозы невзорвавшихся боеприпасов. Во второй части описываются угрозы психическому здоровью детей, проблемы социализации (дошкольное и школьное образование, семейный кризис, формирование национальной идентичности), а также участие детей-солдат в кон¬фликте в Донбассе. Заключение статьи содержит выводы. Размышления были подготовлены на основе тщательно подобранных материалов на английском, украинском и польском языках. Многие публикации были загружены с веб-сайтов международных организаций, аналитических центров и научных учреждений.

Wpływ aneksji Półwyspu Krymskiego na sytuację Kościołów działających na jego terytorium

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Dębowski T. R.

Wschodnioznawstwo

2018

issue 12

57-72

In the springtime of 2014, incidents, that happened in the eastern part of Ukraine, led to take control over the Crimean Peninsula by the Russian Federation. At the same time, from the Donetsk region, came the information about many acts of violence, directed against the clergy and worshippers of the Christian communities other than the Russian Orthodox Church, supportive for the Kremlin authorities. Those incidents led us to formulate the following research question: what is the situation of the churches on the annexed peninsula? And further, the hypothesis that the situation of the churches on the annexed peninsula, except for the Russian Orthodox Church, has deteriorated. The research material, used in the article, is mostly based on the Ukrainian, Russian and English Internet sources, which have been analyzed in a quantitative and a qualitative way. As a result of these activities, the following communities have been distinguished to be analyzed: the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kiev Patriarchate, the Catholic Church of the Ukrainian-Byzantine rite, the Roman Catholic Church and various Protestant churches. The text, constructed on the „subject-problem” system, has been divided into two main parts and the conclusion section. Following the research, it has been found that the legal position of the churches operating on the peninsula, except for the Russian Orthodox Church, had deteriorated. The admission of the Russian solutions regarding religious laws makes the implementation of the church activities (missional, pastoral, educational and charitable), as well as the cooperation with foreign partners much more difficult. Breach of the previous religious freedom on the Crimean Peninsula can be considered as a form of a persecution. The analysis of our sources allowed us to notify that the scale of repressions that the churches encounter, is diÄ erent. In the most difficult position is the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kiev Patriarchate, competitive with the Russian Orthodox Church. The situation of the Catholic Church of the Ukrainian-Byzantine rite, as well as the situation of the Evangelical churches (well-known for their inner missions) does not look better. The Catholic Church has also suffered from particular difficulties. In the light of the above analysis, we might conclude that the research hypothesis has been positively verified. We have emphasized that the current position of the analyzed churches from the annexed Crimean Peninsula is a consequence of the recent political conditions and the speci' city of the interdenominational relations existing in Ukraine, as well as the close ties between the Kremlin and the Russian Orthodox Church. These connections are also a result of the actions undertaken by Vladimir Putin, in order to find new methods to legitimize his own political power. Consequently, he creates a framework for a „new national myth”, focusing on relations with the Russian Orthodox Church and the church traditions. The difficulties faced by churches described in the text, reflect the practices used in the Russian Federation towards „foreigners” minority communities (perceived as a threat to the confessional security of the country) before 2014. Some of these actions involuntarily led us to connotations with the persecutions of Christians and representatives of other religions, described by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn in the first volume of the Gulag Archipelago (1973).

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1 Nowa Polityka Wschodnia

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2 Dębowski T. R.

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Zagrożenia dla bezpieczeństwa dzieci zamieszkujących w strefie konfliktu na wschodniej Ukrainie

Wpływ aneksji Półwyspu Krymskiego na sytuację Kościołów działających na jego terytorium