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Reprezentacje poznawcze terrorysty i ich indywidualne uwarunkowania

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Kossowska M., Kubik T.
Psychologia Społeczna
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2007
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vol. 2
|
issue 2(4)
132-143
EN
This work is a part of a large research program that deals with psychological variables that underlie the fear of terrorism. It is assumed that threat perception (i.e. how people view terrorists) influences fear levels and coping. That is why our work was aimed at identifying different cognitive representations of terrorism. Another goal was to study the relationships of these representations with ideological orientations that shape social perceptions and information processing. The first stage of the research was qualitative in nature, and produced varied characteristics that people attribute to terrorism. This material was used to construct a scale for the quantitative stage. A four-factor model of terrorist perception was developed based upon exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (terrorist as: ideologist, soldier, psychopath, system victim). This model is consistent with others findings from the area of terrorism research. The image of terrorist as "ideologist" was connected with authoritarianism (RWA), and terrorist as "soldier" - with social dominance orientation (SDO). Both orientations (RWA and SDO) predicted the image of terrorist as "psychopath". The results are discussed with reference to psychological theories of reactions to terrorism, as well as RWA and SDO.
2

HOW NON-EXPERTS FAIL WHERE EXPERTS DO NOT: IMPLICATIONS OF EXPERTISE FOR RESISTANCE TO COGNITIVE RIGIDITY

100%
Necka E., Kubik T.
Studia Psychologica
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2012
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vol. 54
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issue 1
3 – 14
EN
Experts’ resistance to cognitive rigidity is discussed with reference to two aspects of the phenomenon of mental inflexibility: inter-domain rigidity and intra-domain rigidity. Although there are reasons to expect increased rigidity of experts outside the domain of their expertise, we hypothesized that they would be less prone to mental set within their domain of specialization. In two experiments (N = 72, N = 82), Experts, Intermediates and Novices solved tasks fostering mental set. Their goal was to solve a series of tasks of the same kind and then work on a task that was similar to the previous ones at the superficial level, while being substantially changed at the deep level of analysis. As a result, the effect of mental set (Einstellung) was expected to appear. The experiments were conducted in two different domains: management (Experiment 1) and English grammar (Experiment 2). Experts proved more resistant to intra-domain rigidity in both domains. In addition, they were faster and more accurate, thus replicating classic effects of expertise. The results regarding the role of anxiety in resistance to rigidity were unclear. The results suggest that, with reference to rigidity of experts, it is justifiable to distinguish between inter-domain and intra-domain rigidity. Experts, as compared to non-experts, should be regarded as more resistant to the phenomenon of intra-domain rigidity.
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