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PL
Prevention and Struggle Against Epidemics on the South-Eastern Borderlands of the Commonwealth in the Times of Stanisław August Poniatowski Epidemics posed serious threat in the 18th century Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Their most common appearance was evidenced in the south-eastern borderlands, and they often spread towards the center of the state with the movement of merchants and the military. In order to prevent the spread of these, a special quarantine houses were established on the borders. It were mainly the borderland magnates, as well as the state territorial administration headed by the Committee of Royal Treasury, that took a lead in work towards prevention of the epidemics. In the times of Stanisław August Poniatowski the most important quarantine houses functioned in Mohylew, Bałta, Białogród, Żwaniec and Jampol.
PL
The article presents the customs in one of the most famous Polish secondary schools at the beginning of the 19th century, namely Volyn Gymnasium in Krzemieniec, in the Russian partition of Poland. The schooTs founder was Tadeusz Czacki in cooperation with Hugo Kołłątaj . Apart from briefly presenting the Polish system of education, the article dwells on school customs connected with opening and ending of the school year, and pupil organisations. The daily Schedule is taken into account, as well as entertainment, problems and particulars constituting the essence of the school pupils’ everyday living - accommodation, food, schooleąuipment, and dress. The author also discusses teacher-pupil relations, reąuirements, discipline, punishment system and the conduct of the school authorities and pupils during Napoleonie wars. Additionally, it mentions the fact that diaries kept by the Krzemieniec school pupils reflect the aura of the school and they express sentiment towards the school held by its graduates.
PL
The Lyceum of Krzemieniec was founded by Tadeusz Czacki, in cooperation with Hugo Kołłątaj, in 1805, under the name of Gymnasium of Wołyń. Throughout less than 26 years of its existence, the school earned a permanent place in the history of the Polish Eastern territory under the Russian rule and in the history of Polish education. In the 1840s, a polemical debate was started between the crisis institutioin and its supporters, the former students. The debate originated with the publication of Mieszaniny obyczajowe Jarosza Bejły (Social medleys of Jarosz Bejła) by Henryk Rzewuski, who negated the value of this school. The defence of the school was taken up by, among others, Karol Kaczkowski, Gustaw Olizr, Adam Słowikowski and Jan Sowiński. With time, other publications appered - the school memories of former students, who recalled their youth in Krzemieniec with great sentiment. The attempt to publish a monograph of the school, initiated by Antoni Kamieński in the 1860s, was unsuccessful due to adverse circumstatces. The public had to wait for a conscientiously written history of the school until emotions ran and it was possible to describe objectively the history - both the good bad sides - of this famous and distinguished institution.
EN
Following the First Partition in 1772, Poland lost the salt mines in Wieliczka, Bochnia and in the territory of Ruthenia to Austria. This was a serious blow to the economy, because since then, it became necessary to import salt, which was primarily taken advantage of by the Royal Prussian Maritime Trading Company (Pruska Kompania Morska) importing it from Austria. King Stanislaw August Poniatowski tried to initiate the exploration and exploitation of salt in the areas where it could be profitable. To this end, he ordered the exploration to Filip Carosi and Stanislaw Okraszewski, among other. The salt-works of the Castellan of Łuków, Jacek Jezierski in the town of Solec, in the Łęczyckie Region, active since 1780, was a private investment. Leopold von Beust's Joint Stock Company obtained salt from a brine near the town of Busko, and The Domestic Persons Company (Kompania z Osób Krajowych) - from a brine in the town of Rączki on Pilica river. In 1782, the King appointed The Ore Commission (Komisja Kruszcowa), consisted of twelve commissioners, in order to conduct the exploration for minerals, including salt, their extraction and further administration. The Crown Treasury Commission (Komisja Skarbu Koronnego), a magistracy dealing with, among others, the economy of the country in a broad sense, was also involved in the exploration and exploitation of salt. At its command, in the summer of 1788, Tadeusz Czacki made a tour of the Kielce region in search of traces of salt. In view of the important events of the Four-Year Sejm (Sejm Czteroletni) and the subsequent loss of independence, the subject of salt exploration had to be abandoned.
EN
In the Republic during the times of King Stanisław August Poniatowski, the intensity of work regarding the preparation of maps of the state grew. This was connected with the personal interest of the king in cartography and his inspirational role in this field. Emphasis should be given to the activities of the Pontonier Corps, established by the Convocation Sejm in 1764, and the services of the governor of Nowogródek Józef Aleksander Jabłonowski, patron of the map of the Republic created by G. A. Rizzi Zannoni. The development of Polish cartography in the second half of the 18th century can also be credited to the work of Ferdynand Nax and Karol Perthées, among others. In the opinion of Tadeusz Czacki, the creation of updated maps was significant for the economy of the country as well as for the facilitation of transport and trade. As the commissioner of the Bullion Committee and the Crown Treasury Committee, he was engaged in work on the map of the Nida and Słupica carried out by Jan Mehler. As attachments to his reports in 1788, he included maps of the Dniester, Dnieper, Horyn and Sluch, the Crimean peninsula and the Mukhavyets Canal. Among the maps given to the Crown Treasury Committee by T. Czacki was a hydrographic map of Poland, which he was very proud of. Most likely, it was an updated version of the map by K. Perthées.
PL
W Rzeczypospolitej w czasach króla Stanisława Augusta Poniatowskiego wzrosła intensywność prac nad sporządzaniem map terytorium państwa. Wiązało się to z osobistymi zainteresowaniami króla kartografią i jego inspirującą rolą w tej dziedzinie. Należy podkreślić działalność powołanego przez sejm konwokacyjny w 1764 r. Korpusu Pontonierów i zasługi wojewody nowogrodzkiego Józefa Aleksandra Jabłonowskiego patronującego wydaniu mapy Rzeczypospolitej G. A. Rizzi Zannoniego. Do rozwoju polskiej kartografii w drugiej połowie XVIII w. przyczyniły się prace m.in. Ferdynanda Naxa czy Karola Perthéesa. W opinii Tadeusza Czackiego sporządzanie aktualnych map miało znaczenie dla gospodarki kraju oraz usprawnienia transportu i handlu. Jako komisarz Komisji Kruszcowej i Komisji Skarbu Koronnego zaangażowany był w prace nad mapą rzeki Nidy i Słupicy wykonaną przez Jana Mehlera. Jako załączniki do swoich raportów w 1788 r. dołączył mapy Dniestru, Dniepru, rzek Horynia i Słuczy, półwyspu krymskiego i Kanału Muchawieckiego. Wśród podarowanych Komisji Skarbu Koronnego przez T. Czackiego map była też hydrograficzna mapa Polski, którą się bardzo szczycił. Najprawdopodobniej stanowiła uaktualnioną wersję mapy K. Perthéesa.
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