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EN
The paper discusses a method for discovering important concepts of culture through the process of scrutinizing the most numerous sets of synonyms (which are treated as names of entrenched and salient concepts of the given language’s culture), and subsequently combining them in a set of cultural concept networks. The author focuses on the evolution of cultural concepts and the linguistic material from 19th and 20th c. dictionaries of synonyms, and the Polish version of WordNet which served as the base for the analysis. The paper shows the evolution of some of the concepts of culture established in the 19th c. and still vivid in present day discourse of collective identity.
EN
The paper summarizes the ethno-linguistic research on the Polish words (understood as the names of Polish values, both positive and negative), and the Polish phrases (idioms and quotations seen as elements of Polish collective memory which are supposed to be explanatory instruments in the process of description of the Polish culture or, for instance, in creation of the self-portrait of a Pole). The main part of the paper is a presentation of the author’s research inspired by Anna Wierzbicka’s theory of the key words to the cultures and discussion on rules and methods of recognizing the key words and arranging them in a culturally motivated hierarchy. The author perceives the key words – in accordance with the principles of the cognitive semantics – as a linguistic expressions which constitute access sites to an entire network of culturally profiled notions. She claims that the important part of the network of Polish notions is, in the term of cognitive semantics, “profiled” and in other words “programmed” by democratic ideas of the old Polish society: the Polish noblemen (szlachta). By means of the analysis of a few texts, the author proves that there is a connection between the notions of democratic rights of liberty (wolność ) and equality (równość ) and terms and notions repeatedly used in Polish self-description: willfulness (swawola), anarchy (anarchia), rebelions (bunty), envy (zazdrość, zawiść ). Another link is found between the democratic institution of Polish sejm/sejmik (parliament) which is well established in culture and in language and characterized by speeches delivered from different points of view, and the notions of Polish quarrels (kłótnie), strifes (swary) and disputes (spory).
EN
The article refers to Anna Wierzbicka’s diagnosis about the existence of culture’s key words, and in particular – her opinion that the word душа ‘soul’ is the key of the Russian culture which explains the specificity of the Russian ethnopsychological model of the human being. Through a semantic and pragmatic analysis of contemporary and former Polish and Ruthenian lexis, idioms, and forms of the linguistic etiquette, the author discusses the possibility of treating the Polish word dusza ‘soul’ or the Polish word serce ‘heart’ as the key to understanding the Polish culture and ethnopsychological model of man. Former contacts with Ruthenian languages and cultures probably strengthened the significance of the concept of dusza in the Polish culture, which remains important even today. However, it is the concept of heart (serce) that can be successfully used to explain the vision of man and the Polish hierarchy of values.
EN
The text commemorates Professor Antonina Grybosiowa. It provides a succinct coverage of the salient facts from the scholar’s biography and underscores the idiosyncrasy of her scholarly persona, namely, being able to combine reverence for tradition, for the history of language, with a penchant for innovative ideas in the field of linguistics, like at its time: sociolinguistics, or later, cultural linguistics. The said marriage compels the linguistic research conducted by Antonina Grybosiowa to focus on describing the evolution of language and cultural awareness of Poles.
Język Polski
|
2023
|
vol. 103
|
issue 4
65-76
PL
Celem artykułu jest ukazanie roli, jaką w badaniach historycznojęzykowych odgrywa uwzględnienie kontekstu kulturowego. W pierwszej części omówiono koncepcję C.S. Lewisa, zwracającego uwagę na niebezpieczeństwo inspirowania się w opisach historycznojęzykowych definicjami słownikowymi. W drugiej części podano przykłady prac historyków i historyków języka badających terminologię ustrojową i kluczowe pojęcia dyskursu politycznego Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów. W trzeciej części ukazano możliwości, jakie daje zastosowanie do podobnych badań teorii i metod poznania kulturowego.
EN
The aim of the article is to demonstrate the role of the cultural context in historical linguistics research. In the first part, the author discusses the C.S. Lewis’ concept of highlighting the danger of being inspired by the dictionary definitions in works concerning historical linguistics. In the second part, presented are the examples of works by historians and historical linguists who had examined the terminology of the political system and the key concepts of the political discourse of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The third part shows the possibilities of applying theories and methods of cultural cognition to similar research.
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