The article maps important milestones in the life of the Slovak doctor Mária Dziaková-Böhmová. She graduated in medicine from the Faculty of Medicine of Comenius University in Bratislava and began her medical practice in Slovakia, Košice and Bratislava. She gained experience in a wide range of disciplines, in pediatrics, surgery and internal medicine, as well as in mother and childcare and adult education. She was the wife of chemist Emanuel Böhm, who was also politically active. After the regime change in 1948, the husbands had to emigrate, first to London, in 1952 to the USA. M. Dziaková-Böhmová in USA fully developed her medical practice in internal medicine, as well as a successful pedagogical career. In the article the author describes her medical work, social and health activities, as well as national and cultural activities among emigrants. She also pays attention to the political changes and demanding conditions of emigration, which determined the life and professional career of M. Dziaková-Böhmová.
The health school system during the interwar period in Slovakia provided pregradual preparation and postgraduate education for doctors, nurses and midwives. The education of the other categories of the healthcare professionals was conducted mainly in the form of short courses. In the proposed study, we have been focused to the professional preparation of two categories of the healthcare professionals: education of nurses and midwives. We describe that time legislation that determined the conditions for establishment of the educational institutions for nurses and midwives, the methodology of teaching and the methods of graduation of study. Attention is paid as well to the analysis of factors that necessitated the establishment of the postgraduate education for the midwives in the follow-up courses. The conclusion points to the benefits of the professionalization of nurses and midwives for improvement of health care for various groups of population.
The preparation for the performance of the typically female profession of midwives have passed since inheriting from the monarchy to the reform of the health care system in Czechoslovakia in the 1960s with major changes. It was a process of gradual professionalization of professional training, as well as the practice of midwives itself, which at the end of the monitored period was concentrated almost exclusively in hospitals. The changing requirements for the work of midwives were determined by the development of medicine, but also by social changes, which were reflected in the demands of this profession. The paper is focused on the characterization of content and institutional changes in the training of midwives in Slovakia, the conditions of their work and the development of the institutional framework for the exercise of this profession.
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