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PL
Na przełomie XIX i XX wieku na Górnym Śląsku rozpoczął się rozwój organizacji polskich. Zamieszkała w tym regionie ludność polskojęzyczna była pozbawiona możliwości edukacji w języku ojczystym. Dlatego organizacje społeczno-kulturalne podejmowały działania kompensujące brak szkoły polskiej oraz rozbudzające poczucie przynależności narodowej mieszkańców regionu. W okresie od roku 1899 do 1914 było ich ponad 200. Stawiały sobie jako cel główny obronę polskości na terenach zamieszkałych przez ludność polskojęzyczną. Realizowano to poprzez upowszechnianie wiedzy, inspirowanie różnych form pracy kulturalnej i oświatowej. Do szczególnie popularnych można zaliczyć akcje odczytowe, prowadzone przez wszystkie organizacje polskie, kursy języka polskiego. Na uwagę zasługuje też dbałość o rozwój czytelnictwa wśród ludności polskiej, poprzez zakładanie polskich biblioteczek w różnych miejscowościach Śląska Opolskiego. Młodzież preferowała uczestnictwo w teatrach amatorskich, które w okresie zimowym wystawiały różne sztuki teatralne. Organizowano wycieczki do Krakowa, Częstochowy, a w czasie karnawału odbywały się zabawy towarzyskie. W ten sposób przeciwstawiano się wpływom niemieckim. W artykule przedstawiono niektóre organizacje i formy ich pracy kulturalno-oświatowej.
EN
At the turn of the 19th and the 20th centuries in Upper Silesia, the development of Polish organizations began. The Polish-speaking population inhabiting the region were deprived of the possibility of being educated in their mother tongue. Therefore, the socio-cultural organizations undertook actions to compensate for the lack of Polish schools, as well as ones which were meant to revive the feeling of national belonging among the native inhabitants of the region. In the period between 1899 and 1914 there were over 200 of them and their main objective was to defend and preserve the Polish character in the areas inhabited by the Polish-speaking population. It was realized through popularizing knowledge and inspiring various forms of cultural and educational work. The particularly popular actions comprised lectures, which were run by all the Polish organizations, as well as courses of the Polish language. Attention should also be paid to the concern for the development of readership among the Polish population, which manifested itself in setting up Polish libraries in various places of Opole Silesia. The young preferred to take part in activities of amateur theatres which – in the winter season – staged different plays. Excursions to Krakow and Częstochowa were organized, while community parties were held during the carnival season and in this way German influences were opposed. The article presents some of the organizations and forms of their cultural and educational work.
PL
Po zakończeniu II wojny światowej na Opolszczyźnie na masową skalę organizowano od podstaw szkolnictwo dla dorosłych. Tworzono kursy dla analfabetów, kursy repolonizacyjne, szkoły podstawowe i średnie. Główną rolę w nich miał do odegrania nauczyciel. Przybywający do tego regionu nauczyciele od 1945 r. w większości posiadali wykształcenie pedagogiczne na poziomie seminarium nauczycielskiego. Niektórzy mieli ukończone uniwersyteckie studia wyższe, a nawet legitymowali się stopniem doktora. Część jednak była bez kwalifikacji zawodowych. Napotykali na wiele problemów dydaktycznych w pracy z dorosłymi. Warunki bytowe dla podejmujących pracę zawodową na Opolszczyźnie były bardzo trudne, co powodowało dużą fluktuację kadr. W pionierskim okresie lat 1945‒1950 wpłynęli oni na stabilizację życia społecznego, kształtowanie więzi terytorialnych i poczucia wspólnoty mieszkańców Opolszczyzny z resztą kraju.
EN
After the end of World War II, the school system designed for the adult was organized from scratch on a mass scale in Opole Region. Literacy as well as re-Polonisation courses were organised, elementary and secondary schools were established. The main role in them was to be played by teachers. The majority of those who were arriving in the Region beginning with 1945 held pedagogical education at the level of teachers’ seminary. Some had completed higher education study courses or even held the PhD degree. However, quite a number of them had no relevant qualifications and therefore encountered many didactic problems in their work with adults. The living conditions for the teachers beginning their professional activity in Opole Region were very hard, which was the reason for a high fluctuation of the personnel. In the pioneer period of the years 1945‒1950, the teachers exerted a strong impact on the stabilization of the social life, formation of territorial bonds and the sense of commonwealth of the inhabitants of Opole Region and the rest of the country.
EN
The opening of state borders within Europe, connected with the expansion of the European Union, has brought about a strong wave of wage-earning migration of newly-admitted states of Central-Eastern Europe. This opportunity has been used by many Poles who realize their vocational career outside the borders of Poland. In the undertaken qualitative research the authoress attempted to answer the following questions: What motives are young Poles driven by when they decide to make their international careers? What expectations do they have in relation to the workplaces outside their own country? What actions do they undertake while designing their own careers? The basic cause of going abroad was financial one, that is the possibility of earning higher wages abroad than at home, which allows living a more interesting, comfortable life and realizing ambitions and dreams. Still, planning an international career entails the necessity of getting to know one's own assets, potential and capacity, but also one's weak sides. The readiness to learn about one's own possibilities influences the process of planning and reaching goals to a considerable extent. The respondents perceive the process of designing their international careers as an activity that requires a lot of effort, own initiative, and a little of good luck. They point to the need of building a network of private contacts which are of utmost importance in the situation of their staying outside their native country. They indicate improvement of the financial status of the family or their personal one, possibility of their own development and getting to know the world to be the most vital benefits. The experience of their professional work and everyday life influence their development, mobilize them to undertake educational activity, which - undoubtedly - results in that they are becoming competitive in the changing labour markets of contemporary times.
PL
Rodzina stanowiąca naturalne środowisko wychowawcze dla mło- dego pokolenia, nie zawsze prawidłowo wywiązuje się z ról i zadań wychowawczych. Zdarzenia losowe, dysfunkcje powodują, iż role te zostają odwrócone, tj. dzieci przejmują zadania dorosłych. Określa się to terminem parentyfikacja. Celem podjętych badań było poznanie przeżywanych w okresie dzieciństwa doświadczeń związanych z parentyfikacją z perspektywy młodych dorosłych. Zostały one przeprowadzone wśród studentów Uniwersytetu Opolskiego, a wzięło w nich udział 300 osób. Respondenci doświadczający inwersji ról w rodzinach stają się silniejsi, odpowiedzialni, zaradni, zdobywają przydatne w życiu umiejętności. Przez całe życie nadmiernie poświęcają się innym, nie myśląc o zaspokojeniu własnych potrzeb. Problematyka ta powinna stać się dla pedagogów i andragogów obszarem zainteresowań naukowych, bowiem może niejednokrotnie wpływać na przystosowanie i funkcjonowanie jednostki w dorosłym życiu.
EN
The family, which constitutes a natural rearing environment for each new generation, does not always play the roles or execute tasks set to it in a proper way. Chance events or dysfunctions cause the roles to be reversed, that is it is children who take over the tasks designed for adults. This is referred to using the term parentification. The aim of the studies was to find out about the experience connected with parentification, which the young go through in their childhoods, from the perspective of young adults. The studies were conducted among students of Opole University and covered 300 subjects who took part in them. The respondents, who have experienced or were experiencing the inversion of roles in their families, have become stronger, more responsible and resourceful, as well as have gained new skills which are useful in life. For the major part of their lives such individuals excessively devote themselves to others, without thinking about satisfying their own needs. Thus, this is a problem area, which should be of scholarly interest to pedagogues and adult educators (andragogues), since parentification can exert a considerable influence on the individuals’ adjustment to and functioning in their adult lives in the future.
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