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The Minority Stress of Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Parents. Specificity of Polish Context

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Wycisk J.
Polish Psychological Bulletin
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2015
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vol. 46
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issue 4
594-606
EN
Previous research on LGB parenting is dominated by comparing the LGB families to traditional families with heterosexual parents. Little is known about personal experiences of LGB parents and psychological consequences of nonheterosexual parenting in a heteronormative environment. This article presents the conceptualization of lesbian, gay and bisexual parents’ minority stress and focuses especially on it’s sources. LGB parents are considered as a multiple excluded minority group. Using a theoretical framework of minority stress (Meyer 1995) the main stressors are described with reference to parental situation: discrimination and violence, perceived stigma, self-concealment and internalized homophobia. These factors’ possible impact on psychological wellbeing is discussed on the basis of research available. The Polish sociocultural context and its potential influence of LGB parents’ stress is also described. The specificity of LGB parents’ minority stress is that it challenges the aspect of identity associated with a parental social role. The most common stressors undermine the status and quality of parent-child bond and involves the child himself/ herself. In conclusion, minority stress of LGB parents is recognized as a risk factor for decrease in mental health, but also as an opportunity for personal development based on the stress - related growth.
2
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Postawy przyszłych psychologów wobec rodzin nieheteroseksualnych z dziećmi

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Wycisk J.
Studia Socjologiczne
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2014
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issue 4(215)
141–158
PL
Artykuł omawia badanie 97 studentów 2 ostatnich lat psychologii na Uniwersytecie im. A. Mickiewicza w Poznaniu. Zastosowano autorską ankietę, w której pytano studentów o wyobrażone sytuacje zawodowe wymagające kontaktu z rodziną lesbijek, o postawę wobec nich oraz proszono o jej uzasadnienie. Jakościowa analiza 182 komentarzy pozwoliła wyodrębnić 4 kategorie uzasadnień: psychologiczne (oparte zwłaszcza na teorii systemowej i teorii przywiązania społecznego), prawne, biologistyczne oraz światopoglądowo-religijne. Wyjaśnienia psychologiczne towarzyszyły głównie postawie otwartej i akceptującej, a pozostałe zwykle służyły uzasadnieniu większego dystansu do kobiet bądź rezygnacji z interwencji. Ważnym problemem jest mała wiedza studentów na temat funkcjonowania tego typu rodzin, wynikająca z nieobecności tematu w programie studiów psychologicznych. Końcowe sugestie dotyczą możliwości przygotowania psychologów do pracy z tego typu rodzinami poprzez wzbogacenie głównego programu i wymagań etycznych studiów psychologicznych o dwa obszary: najnowsze doniesienia z badań nad rodzicielstwem osób LGB oraz dyskusje i refleksje nad dylematami etycznymi, dzięki czemu studenci mogliby uzyskać większy wgląd we własne przekonania i ich znaczenie dla pracy psychologicznej oraz lepiej radzić sobie z konfliktami wewnętrznymi.
EN
The survey involved 97 psychology students at the Adam Mickiewicz University (Poznań, Poland). The author used a questionnaire in which students imagined professional situations requiring contact with nonheterosexual families, they declared their attitudes, and then commented on it. Qualitative analysis of 182 comments enabled to identify four categories of reasons: 1) psychological (mainly based on the systems theory and the social attachment theory), 2) based on law, 3) biologistic and 4) based on religion or worldview. Psychological explanations accompanied mostly the open, accepting attitude, while remaining reasons were used to justify the distance towards women or the resignment of the intervention. The article discusses the results of the study with reference to the requirements of psychologists’ professional ethics. Tittle knowledge of students about these families, due to the absence of the subject in the curriculum of psychological higher education is an important issue of the research. The final suggestion concerns the possibility of preparing psychologists to work with such families by supplementing the main program of psychological studies with two subject areas. First of all, the introduction of the latest results of researches on LGB parenting into psychological curriculum is essential. Secondly, the university should provide the opportunity for discussion and reflection on ethical dilemmas, so that students could achieve greater insight into their own beliefs, comprehend their implications for psychological work and cope with internal conflicts.
3
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Rozwój systemu sprawowania opieki u matek w świetle teorii przywiązania społecznego

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Wycisk J.
Psychologia Rozwojowa
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2012
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vol. 17
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issue 2
9-19
EN
This paper presents theoretical framework of mother’s caregiving system, that is the goal-corrected behavioral system reciprocal to attachment. It is guided by mental representations of self as a caregiver, child as an object of protection and mutual relation. Caregiving representational system is influenced by the adult’s history of attachment and current experiences with the child, his/her characteristics and social-contextual factors. Development of the caregiving system from childhood to adulthood, and particularly during transition to parenthood, is presented.
4
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Wyzwania okresu dorastania u osób homoseksualnych w świetle teorii rozwoju biopsychospołecznego Erika Eriksona

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Bandel J., Wycisk J.
Człowiek i Społeczeństwo
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2021
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vol. 52
229-250
EN
Classical concepts of human development elaborated in the 20th century do not take into consideration the normative development of homosexual people. On the other hand, the depathologization of homosexuality has resulted in an increase of knowledge about gays’ and lesbians’ performance and health. The process of homosexual identity formation, usually beginning in adolescence, has been recognized and well described in the field of psychology. However, this knowledge is rarely integrated with general theories of human development. The article presents the developmental challenges of adolescence and points out the limitations and possibilities of Erikson’s theory in incorporating the experiences of homosexual adolescents. The authors discuss the specific difficulties minority adolescents face growing up in a heteronormative culture and the main stages of homosexual identity formation. The article ends with a reflection on the possibility of integrating the concept of homosexual identity development with Erik Erikson’s theory of identity crisis and its potential solutions in adolescence.
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