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1

Andrzej Nadolski und Grunwald. Erinnerungen

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Ekdahl S.

Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia

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2013

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vol. 59

23-30

EN

The theme of the publication refers to the author’s memories associated with Professor Andrzej Nadolski for his investigation into the Battle of Tannenberg (Grunwald, 1410). With reference to his personal memories and surviving correspondence, the author wishes to give a picture of the inspiring relationship with the famous arms specialist, archaeologist and historian. This began towards the end of the 1970’s and lasted until the death of Nadolski in 1993. The connecting element of this friendly and scientific relationship was the problematic nature of the Battle of Tannenberg from which a strong fascination emerged resulting in the publication of several books and essays by Nadolski and the author.

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Different points of view on the Battle of Grunwald/ Tannenberg 1410 from Poland and Germany and their roots in handwritten and printed traditions

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Ekdahl S.

Z Badań nad Książką i Księgozbiorami Historycznymi

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2010

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issue 13

41-65

EN

The essay deals with a number of differing views from Poland and Germany on the Battle of Grunwald/Tannenberg 1410 and describes their roots in handwritten and printed traditions. Particularly important is the consideration of the propaganda on both sides, which began immediately after the battle and is in many ways still in effect. The medieval scheme rex iustus – rex iniquus, which derived from the Augustinian world of ideas, was an important propaganda tool for the Poles, while the Teutonic Order above all denounced the participation of “heathen” in the Polish and Lithuanian armies. The paper also takes into account other aspects of the differing viewpoints.

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Slagfältsarkeologi vid Grunwald (Tannenberg/Žalgiris) (1410). Ett polsk-skandinaviskt forskningsprojekt under åren 2014–2017

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Ekdahl S.

Studia Maritima

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2018

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vol. 31

253-292

EN

SummaryThe paper describes the search for the field of the battle of Grunwald / Tannenberg / Žalgiris (1410) with metal detectors in the years 2014–2017. In February 2014, a joint project of the Grunwald Museum (Polish: Muzeum Bitwy pod Grunwaldem w Stębarku) and the Danish Archaeological Society Harja was agreed upon and signed in Odense, Denmark. According to the agreement, Harja was to provide the main group of metal detectorists that were to scan the areas chosen by the Museum. The main goal of the project was to try and locate the area named ‘Valley of the Great Stream’ (Dolina Wielkiego Strumień) to the south and east of the village of Stębark (German: Tannenberg), which, according to Andrzej Nadolski (1921–1993), a Polish archaeologist and historian, was supposed to be one of the most important places of the Battle of Grunwald in 1410, where the allied Polish-Lithuanian forces clashed with the Teutonic Knights in Prussia. However no battlefield was found in that area. For the next three years, the search was therefore extended to other fields to the south and east of the village of Grunwald (German: Grünfelde), that time with excellent results. There is now no doubt that the main battle took place in the area which is situated about 2–3 kilometers to the west of the ‘Valley of the Great Stream’. For 180 years historians and archaeologists have accepted a fallacious theory about the march routes and battlefield deployment of the armies, the theory created by the famous Prussian historian Johannes Voigt in 1836. The paper provides information about the successful international project and its findings.

PL

W artykule opisano poszukiwania, które przeprowadzono w latach 2014–2017 na polu bitwy pod Grunwaldem / Tennembergiem / Žalgirisem (1410) za pomocą wykrywaczy metalu. W lutym 2014 roku in Odense w Danii podpisano umowę na wspólne przedsięwzięcie pomiędzy Muzeum Bitwy pod Grunwaldem w Stębarku i Duńskim Towarzystwem Archeologicznym Harja. Zgodnie z tą umową Harja miała dostarczyć główną partię wykrywaczy metalu, które miały za zadanie zeskanować obszar wyznaczony przez Muzeum. Zasadniczym celem przedsięwzięcia było zlokalizowanie obszaru określnego jako Dolina Wielkiego Strumienia n a p ołudnie i wschód od wioski Stębark, która według Andrzeja Nadolskiego (1921–1993), polskiego archeologa i historyka, była uważana za najważniejsze miejsce bitwy pod Grunwaldem w 1410 roku; to tam zjednoczone siły polsko-litewskie starły się z Zakonem Krzyżackim. We wskazanym miejscu nie znaleziono jednak żadnych śladów pola bitwy. Przez następne 3 lata poszukiwania rozszerzano na inne obszary na południe i wschód od wioski Grunwald, tym razem ze znakomitym wynikiem. Obecnie nie ma wątpliwości, że główna bitwa odbyła się w obszarze położonym około 2–3 km na zachód od wspomnianej Doliny Wielkiego Strumienia. Zatem przez 180 lat historycy i archeolodzy wyznawali błędną teorię na temat dróg przemarszu wojsk i formowania się szyków bojowych; autorem tej błędnej teorii z 1836 roku był pruski historyk Johannes Voigt. Artykuł zawiera opis realizacji tego międzynarodowego przedsięwzięcia oraz opisuje jego wyniki.

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Einstellung der bevölkerung Preussens zur herrschaft der Ordensritter

100%

Ekdahl S.

Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica

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2016

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issue 23

109-114

EN

The history of the Lizard Union proves existance of strong opposition against the rule of the Teutonic Knights even before its defeat at the battle of Grunwald (Tannenberg). That hostile attitude was clearly expressed when several banners of Chełmno Lands (banner – unit of the cavalry) left the battlefield on July 15, 1410 by the end of the battle. Moreover, a country knights took over the town and castle of Ostróda for the Polish king to help him to march to Marienburg. Other knights, among them Nicolaus of Renis (Mikołaj z Ryńska), planned to take the Marienburg in a similar manner. In this context it has to be pointed out that the country's nobility of Chełmno Lands was not required to fight outside its borders for the Order after the privilege for Chełmno of 1233. Participation in military campaigns beyond the Vistula River and its tributaries Drewenz and Ossa was performed voluntarily and those who were taking part received from the Order payment and compensation for all incurred losses. The following campaigns can be set as an examples: Samaiten 1402, Gotland 1404 and Dobrzyń 1409. At the end of 1410 a cash payment of 4,000 marks was made on the orders of the Grand Master for Chełmno Lands. The sum, which was the equivalent of about 300 war horses, was not completely used what deeply disappointed the knights who valued higher their losses. An open question remains concerning to what extent that special arrangement for the Chełmno Lands had impact on the behavior of parts of their chivalry in the battle of Grunwald. Similar agreements were also held with the knights in Warmia and in the New March (Neumark); they could also be used for military service outside their borders only voluntary under the above enumerated conditions. This became a problem for the Teutonic Order and often led to annoyance particularly with the nobles in the New March. The four bishops of Pomesania, Warmia, Chełmno Lands and Kulm paid homage to the Polish king after the battle of Grunwald, as did the abbess of St. Bridget in Gdańsk who wrote a request for assistance to Władysław Jagiello slightly after the Polish-Lithuanian victory. Her wishes were promptly answered in the affirmative manner on 6th August. The case of Bishop Heinrich Vogelsang of Warmia is of particular interest because he set out for Poland in late September or early October and was therefore considered by the Teutonic Order as a traitor. Grand Master Heinrich von Plauen sought long in vain to replace him with a supporter of the Teutonic Order. The major cities in Prussia seemed to have an ambivalent attitude towards the heavy defeat of the Knights. According to the messages that reached the Bishop of Poznan on July 29 and briefly after, the inhabitants of Thorn beheaded their komtur and killed 50 Order soldiers. A similar fate suffered other Order soldiers in Gdansk mid-August. The city Elblag apologized later for paying the homage to the Polish king using as an excuse the fact that the German Order prohibited repeatedly to repair the damaged city walls. In the general analysis of this issue the following questions are worth answering: How different were the reactions of the inhabitants of Prussia to the changing military and political situation after the battle of Grunwald? Can the different forms of behavior be recognized depending on social class? And were the numerous tributes the result of desperation and seeing the situation as "hopeless" or rather an expression of long-suppressed resentment of Teutonic Order’s authority?

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1 Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia

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4 Ekdahl S.

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Andrzej Nadolski und Grunwald. Erinnerungen

Different points of view on the Battle of Grunwald/ Tannenberg 1410 from Poland and Germany and their roots in handwritten and printed traditions

Slagfältsarkeologi vid Grunwald (Tannenberg/Žalgiris) (1410). Ett polsk-skandinaviskt forskningsprojekt under åren 2014–2017

Einstellung der bevölkerung Preussens zur herrschaft der Ordensritter